Unit1:交叉学科interdiscipline介电常数dielectricconstant固体性质solidmaterials热容heatcapacity力学性质mechanicalproperty电磁辐射electro-magneticradiation材料加工processingofmaterials弹性模量(模数)elasticcoefficient1.直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。Itwasnotuntilrelativelyrecenttimesthatscientistscametounderstandtherelationshipbetweenthestructuralelementsofmaterialsandtheirproperties.2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Materialengineeringmainlytosolvetheproblemandcreatematerialapplication.3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构,同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materialsprocessingprocessisnotonlytodestructureanddecidedthatthematerialcharacteristicandperformance.4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Materialmechanicalpropertieswiththeextemalforceorindedeformationoftheload.Unit2:先进材料advancedmaterial陶瓷材料ceramicmaterial粘土矿物clayminerals高性能材料highperformancematerial合金metalalloys移植implantto玻璃纤维glassfiber碳纳米管carbonnanotub1、金属元素有许多有利电子,金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallicmaterialshavelargenumbersofnonlocalizedelectrons,manypropertiesofmetalsaredirectlyattributabletotheseelectrons.2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物,并具有大的分子结构。Manyofpolymersareorganiccompounds,andtheyhaveverylargemolecularstructures.3、半导体材料的典型特征介于导体材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间。Semiconductorshaveelectricalpropertiesthatareintermediatebetweentheelectricalconductors(viz.metalsandmetalalloys)andinsulators(viz.ceramicsandpolymers).4、生物材料不能产生毒性,并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterialsmustnotproducetoxicsubstancesandmustbecompatiblewithbodytissues.Unit3:微观结构microstructure宏观结构macrostructure化学反应chemicalreaction原子量atomic电荷平衡balancedelectricalcharge带正电子的原子核positivelychargenucleu1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属,成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。Thesesame100atomsformthousandsofdifferentsubstancesrangingfromtheairwebreathetothemetalusedtosupporttallbuildings.2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。Thestrengthofmetalssuggeststhattheseatomsareheldtogetherbystrongbonds.3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构,宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。Microstructure,whichincludesfeaturesthatcannotbeseenwiththenakedeye,butusingamicroscope.Macrostructureincludesfeaturesthatcanbeseenwiththenakedeye.4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。Theatomicweightofanatomindicateshowmanyprotonsandneutronsinthenucleus.Unit4:相转变温度phasetransformationtemperatures比重specificgravity熔点themeltingpoint重力加速度theaccelerationofgravity磁导率magneticpermeability热导率thermalconductivity1.化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。Physicalpropertiesarethosethatcanbeobservedwithoutchangingtheidentityofthesubstance.2.相变是一种物理性质,并且物质存在四种相:固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phaseisaphysicalpropertyofmatterandmattercanexistinfourphases:solid,liquid,gasandplasma.3.当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子任然连接在分子链上,从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。Instead,atsometemperaturebelowthemeltingpoint,theystarttolosetheircrystallinestructurebutthemoleculesremainlinkedinchains,whichresultsinasoftandpliablematerial.4.在工程应用中,渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。Inengineeringapplications,permeabilityisoftenexpressedinrelative,ratherthaninabsolute,terms.Unit5:实验样品testspecimen静负荷staticloading作用力appliedforce垂直轴normalaxis工程应变engineeringstrain临界应力criticalstress屈服强度yieldstrength应力面积stressarea应力-应变曲线stress-straincurve1.通常,温度低于室温时,金属合金的强度性质降低,而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。Temperatureaboveroomtemperatureusuallycauseadecreaseinthestrengthpropertiesofmetallicalloys.2.从材料的角度来说,盈利是一种在材料内部所分布的力,他可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生相互作用。Fromtheperspectiveofwhatishappeningwithinamaterial,stressistheinternaldistributionofforceswithinabodythatbalanceandreacttotheloadsappliedtoit.3.工程应变可定义为:所施加立方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。Engineeringstrainisdefinedastheamountofdeformationinthedirectionoftheappliedforcedividedbytheinitiallengthofthematerial.4.高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和地延展性的材料的韧性高。AmaterialwithhighstressandhighductilitywillhavemoretoughnessthanamaterialwithlowstrengthandlowductilityUnit6:国内生产总值GDP市场经济marketeconomies社会问题societalissues经济指数economicindex卫生保健healthcane材料科学与工程MSE国民生产总值GNP人口增长率populationgrouthrate1、然而,随着时间的变化,人类的革新与创造力,工程师满足社会需求的能力和建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的。However,somethingsthathavebeenconstantovertimearehumaninnovationandcreativity,theengineer’sabilitytoaddresssocietalneeds,andtheentrepreneurialspiritofengineering.2、我们可以看到医学、通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化。Wehavewitnessedthere-shapingofourlivesthroughrevolutionthathavetakenplaceinmedicine,telecommunications,andtransportationindustries.3、18%的世界人口缺少安全饮用水,几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施。Eighteenpercentoftheworld’spopulationlacksaccesstosafedrinkingwaterandnearly40%hasnoaccesstosanitation.4、材料与社会是相互联系的,并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件的全球社会问题存在密切的关系,这是唯一理性的看法。Materialsandsocietyareinterlinked,anditisonlyrationalthatweshouldseeacloserelationbetweentheMSEresearchagendaandsocietalissuesthataffectthehumanconditionontheglobe.Unit7:离域电子delocalizedelectrons电子结构electricalstructure碱土金属alkali-earthmetals核电荷nuclearcharge化学电池electrochemicalcell核电荷nuclearcharge导电性electricalconductivity价带valencebands离子晶格theionlatti1、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。Metalsaresometimesdescribedasalatticeofpositiveionssurroundedbyacloudofdelocalizedelectrons.2、通常地,金属具有良好的导电性和导热性,具有金属光泽,密度较大,并且具有在压力下变形而不会断裂的能力。Metalsingeneralhavesuperiorelectricandthermalconductivity,highlusteranddensityandtheabilitytobedeformedunderstresswithoutcleaving.3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物,其中主要组分为金属。Analloyisamixtureoftwoormoreelementsinsolidsolutioninwhicht