基本七(B7) 质量工具(1)

TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityAPowerPointTrainingPresentationByKeithH.CooperAsmuchas95%ofqualityrelatedproblemsinthefactorycanbesolvedwithsevenfundamentalquantitativetools.-KaoruIshikawaWhataretheBasicSevenToolsofQuality?•FishboneDiagrams•Histograms•ParetoAnalysis•Flowcharts•ScatterPlots•RunCharts•ControlChartsWheredidtheBasicSevencomefrom?KaoruIshikawa•Knownfor“DemocratizingStatistics”•TheBasicSevenToolsmadestatisticalanalysislesscomplicatedfortheaverageperson•GoodVisualAidsmakestatisticalandqualitycontrolmorecomprehendible.TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityFishboneDiagrams•Nostatisticsinvolved•Mapsoutaprocess/problem•Makesimprovementeasier•Lookslikea“FishSkeleton”ConstructingaFishboneDiagram•Step1-IdentifytheProblem•Step2-Draw“spine”and“bones”Example:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageConstructingaFishboneDiagram•Step3-IdentifydifferentareaswhereproblemsmayarisefromEx.:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageemployeesshopliftersConstructingaFishboneDiagram•Step4-IdentifywhatthesespecificcausescouldbeEx.:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageshopliftersAnti-thefttagspoorlydesignedExpensivemerchandiseoutintheopenNosecurity/surveillanceConstructingaFishboneDiagram•Ex.:HighInventoryShrinkageatlocalDrugStoreShrinkageshopliftersAnti-thefttagspoorlydesignedExpensivemerchandiseoutintheopenNosecurity/surveillanceemployeesattitudenewtraineetrainingbenefitspracticesConstructingaFishboneDiagram•Step5–Usethefinisheddiagramtobrainstormsolutionstothemainproblems.TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityHistograms•Barchart•UsedtographicallyrepresentgroupsofdataConstructingaHistogramFromasetofdatacompute•sum•mean(x)•Max•Min•Range(max-min)ConstructingaHistogram•Userangetoestimatebeginningandend•CalculatethewidthofeachcolumnbydividingtherangebythenumberofcolumnsRange#ofColumns=WidthAcmePizzaExample•Let’ssaytheownerwantsadistributionofAcme’sThursdayNightSalesDataSetfromlastThursday(slices)0212241312122434143223212212214221212212121212121222121211222314223222123224224412223221224212421721223121121222122121222424AcmePizzaExampleMean=2.032258Max=7Min=0Range=7QuestionFor7columnswhatwouldthewidthbe?Range/Columns=7/7=1sliceAcmePizzaExample33658120010102030405060701234567SlicesofPizzaHistogramConstructingaHistogramHowisthishelpfultoAcme?•2slicesofpizzamostcommonorderplaced•DistributionofsalesusefulforforecastingnextThursday’slatenightdemandIfyouwereanAcmemanagerhowcouldyouapplythisinformation?TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityParetoAnalysis•VerysimilartoHistograms•Useofthe80/20rule•UseofpercentagestoshowimportanceAcmePizza(part2)SlicesFrequency%01.313313.0926525.79383.174124.7650060071.3AcmePizza(part2)•ThecompletedParetoAnalysisresultsinthefollowinggraph:0102030405060701234567SlicesofPizza2143756AcmePizza(part2)CriticalThinking•HowdoestheParetoAnalysisdifferfromtheHistogram?•HowcanthisbeausefultooltotheAcmeboss?TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityFlowcharts•AgraphicalpictureofaPROCESSProcessDecisionTheprocessflowFlowchartsDon’tForgetto:•Definesymbolsbeforebeginning•Stayconsistent•CheckthatprocessisaccurateAcmePizzaExample(Flowchart)WindowTakeCustomerMoney?(start)OrderGetPizzaLockupPutMoreinOven2PiesAvailable?Timetoclose?TaketoCustomernoyesnoyesnoyesHowcanweusetheflowcharttoanalyzeimprovementideasfromtheHistogram?WindowTakeCustomerMoney?(start)OrderGetPizzaLockupPutMoreinOven2PiesAvailable?Timetoclose?TaketoCustomernoyesnoyesnoyesWantsomepractice?Makeaflowchartfor:•Takingashower•Cookingdinner•Drivingacar•Havingaparty•CreatingaFlowchartAnyotherprocessesyoucanthinkof?TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityScatterPlots•2DimensionalX/Yplots•Usedtoshowrelationshipbetweenindependent(x)anddependent(y)variablesAcmePizza(ScatterDiagram)MinutesCookingDefectivePies10145830575206014204256Inthissimpleexample,youcanfindtheexistingrelationshipwithoutmuchdifficultybut…ScatterDiagrams0510152025020406080•EasiertoseedirectrelationshipTimeCooking(minutes)ScatterDiagramsAsaqualitytool•WhatdoesthistellAcmemanagementabouttheirprocesses?•Improvements?0510152025020406080TimeCooking(minutes)TheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityRuncharts•Time-based(x-axis)•Cyclical•LookforpatternsRunCharts891011121234891011121234891011121234PM-AMPM-AMPM-AMThursdayWeek1ThursdayWeek2ThursdayWeek3Slices/hourTimeTheBasicSeven(B7)ToolsofQualityControlCharts•DeviationfromMean•UpperandLowerSpec’s•RangeControlChartsUpperLimitLowerLimitUnacceptabledeviationXControlChartsAcmePizzaManagementwantstogetinonthecontrolchartaction•AverageDiameter=16inches•UpperLimit=17inches•LowerLimit=15inchesAcmeexampleControlChartsUpperLimit17inchesLowerLimit15InchesSmallPieX16inches=Acmeexample#50ControlCharts•Pieswithinspecificationswereacceptable•Oneabnormallysmallpieis“uncommon”•ShouldbeexaminedforqualitycontrolSummary•BasicSevenToolsofQuality•Measuringdata•QualityAnalysis•“Democratizedstatistics”Bibliography•Foster,Thomas.ManagingQuality.AnIntegrativeApproach.UpperSaddleRiver:PrenticeHall,2001.•Stevenson,William.“SuperchargingYourParetoAnalysis.”QualityProgressOctober2000:51-55.•“DrKaoruIshikawa.”Internet