Wrting style 论文写作格式基本要求

14.Writingstyle•Academicwritingstyle（论文写作格式基本要求）•APAwritingformat（美国心理学协会论文写作规则）AcademicWritingStyle•Theinformationpresentedinathesisshouldbebriefandclear(简洁、明了）Inwritingstylediffersfromthecreativewritingintwomajoraspects:OrganizationlanguageOrganization(谋篇布局）•Structureofthewholethesis:Athesisincludesabeginning,abodyandanending•E.g.:Bodyofthethesis•Structureofeachchapter:introductoryparagraphsummarizationTransitionalsentencesSubheadings(小标题）Tablesandgraphs（图和表格）Language(语言风格）•Formalandsuccinct•语态：Thepassivevoice﹥activevoice•人称：Thefirstpersonhardlyappears•词汇：Flowerywordsshouldbeavoided•时态:thepresentandpasttensesAPAWritingFormat•应用语言学领域中的研究论文用英语写作时通常按照美国心理学协会要求的格式，这个格式简称为APA格式。•本书将从6个方面介绍APA格式中部分相关的常用规则：⑴表格；⑵数字；⑶拼写；⑷引用；⑸引证；⑹APA引用文献目录格式1.Tables（表格）•Tables(Awell-designedtablecanbemoreeffectiveandeconomicalthanaverbalaccount)consistsoffiveparts:number（表号）,title（表名）,headings（表目）,body（表体）andnotes（表注）.•Tablesorfigures•NumberingtablesorfiguresTablesornumbersarenumberedwithinchapters.Eg:Table1.1,Table1.2inChapterOneorFigure2.1,Figure2.2inChapterTwo..•Tabletitles（表格标题）简明扼要、包含表格主要信息•Tableheadings（表格标目）一般在表格的上方第1行和左侧第一列。•Tablebody(表格主体）•Tablenotes:generalnotes（总标注）“Note.”（表注）specificnotes（具体标注）•probabilitynotes（概略标注）“*”2.Numbers（数字）•Figuresorwords?Numbers(10)wordse.g.one,three,sixNumbers(≥10)figuree.g.11,13,40Exceptions:Eg.⑴5outofthe36second-yearstudents.⑵Theyfinishedthetestwithin2hours.•PluralofnumbersEg.Inthe1990s3.Spelling（拼写）AmericanspellingorBritishspelling?Hyphenation（连字符）Ⅰ:modifiablelearnervariableⅡ:different-wordlistsⅢ:learner-centeredclassroomTheclassroomislearnercenteredⅣ:five-andten-yearplanCapitalization（大写）:(1)…thefindings:TheTraditional…(2)AStudyoftheImpactofL1andL2Writing(3)GroupAFigure74.Quotations（引用）•Insertedinatext:words﹤40author,date,pageSeparateparagraph:words≧40number•Omittingmaterials:threeellipsispoints(…)betweensentences:fourellipsispoints(….)•Insertsomematerials:brackets•Emphasize:underlineanditalicize5.Citations（引证）“文献引证”是指一篇文章的段落或文字之中“参考来源”的标注。Citingonework（引证一部著作）oneworkbyasingleauthor（Bloom,1976);Gagne(1977)oneworkbytwoauthors(Bryman&Cramer,1990)oneworkby3~5authors(Naiman,Frohlich,Stern,andTodesco,1978);Naimanetal.(1978)oneworkbysixormoreauthorsCitingtwoormoreworksinthesameparentheses（同一括号中引证两部或多部著作）Twoormoreworksbythesameauthor(Briggs,1979,1987)Twoormoreworksbydifferentauthors(Barley,1969,1970;Clementetal,1978;Gardner&Lambert,1972;Gliksman,1976;Spolsky,1969)6.APAreferencestyle(APA引用文献目录格式）•Referencesinareferencelist:inaalphabeticalorder•Elementsofareference:theauthor(作者）theyearofpublication（出版年份）thetitleofthecitedmaterials（文献的题目）theplaceofpublication（出版地）各部分之间用逗号隔开，以句号结束Areferencetoajournal（引用期刊）Bracht,R.M&Glass,G.V.(1969).Theexternalvalidityofexperiments.AmericanEducationalResearchJournal.5(4),437-474Ⅰ论文标题和副标题的第一个字母要大写。Ⅱ期刊名称主要词的第一个字母要大写，然后在下面加下划线Ⅲ使用阿拉伯数字表示期刊的卷数。如果有期数，把它放在卷数后面的括号里Ⅳ使用阿拉伯数字表示论文的页码，放在卷数或期数的后面Areferencetoabook（引用著作）Marton,F.,Hounsell,D.&Entwistle,N.(Eds.).(1984).Theexperienceoflearning.Edinburgh:ScottishAcademicPress.Brown,H.D.(1987).Principlesoflanguagelearningandteaching(2nded).NewJersey:Prentice-Hall,IncⅠ在引用编著时，主编的名字放在作者名字的地方，并把“Ed”放在其后的括号里，如果主编是两个或两个以上，那就用“Eds”Ⅱ编著书名的第一个字母要大写，书名要加下划线Ⅲ版数（如第二版）放在书名后面的括号里Ⅳ先写出出版地，再写出版社名Areferencetoanarticleorchapterinaneditedbook（引用编著书目中的一篇论文或其中一个章节）引用Ringbom1985年主编的《外语学习与双语现象》中Palmberg写的一篇“讲瑞典语的小学生在小学开英语课前知道多少英语单词？”的论文，文献引用格式如下：•Palmberg,R.(1985).HowmuchEnglishvocabularydoSwedish-speakingprimaryschoolpupilsknowbeforestartingtolearnEnglishatschool.InH.Ringbom(Ed.).Foreignlanguagelearningandbilingualism(pp.89-87).