MANAGING PROJECT RESOURCES - Bilkent University管理项

MANAGINGPROJECTRESOURCESResourceAllocationProblemAshortcomingofmostschedulingproceduresisthattheydonotaddresstheissuesofresourceutilizationandavailability.Schedulingprocedurestendtofocusontimeratherthanphysicalresources.ResourceAllocationProblemSchedulesshouldbeevaluatednotmerelyintermsofmeetingprojectmilestones,butalsointermsofthetiminganduseofscarceresources.Afundamentalmeasureoftheprojectmanager’ssuccessinprojectmanagementistheskillwithwhichthetrade-offsamongperformance,time,andcostaremanaged.ResourceAllocationProblemTheextremepointsoftherelationshipbetweentimeuseandresourceusearethefollowing:TimeLimited:Theprojectmustbefinishedbyacertaintime,usingasfewresourcesaspossible.Butitistime,notresourceusage,thatiscriticalResourceLimited:Theprojectmustbefinishedassoonaspossible,butwithoutexceedingsomespecificlevelofresourceusageorsomegeneralresourceconstraintResourceLoadingResourceloadingdescribestheamountsofindividualresourcesanexistingschedulerequiresduringspecifictimeperiods.Theloads(requirements)ofeachresourcetypearelistedasafunctionoftimeperiod.Resourceloadinggivesageneralunderstandingofthedemandsaprojectorsetofprojectswillmakeonafirm’sresources.ResourceLoadingTheprojectmanagermustbeawareoftheflowsofusageforeachinputresourcethroughoutthelifeoftheproject.Itistheprojectmanager’sresponsibilitytoensurethattherequiredresources,intherequiredamounts,areavailablewhenandwheretheyareneeded.ResourceLoadingTableResourceLeveling(Smooting)Resourcelevelingaimstominimizetheperiod-by-periodvariationsinresourceloadingbyshiftingtaskswithintheirslackallowances.Thepurposeistocreateasmootherdistributionofresourceusage.Resourceleveling,referredtoasresourcesmoothing,hastwoobjectives:Todeterminetheresourcerequirementssothattheywillbeavailableattherighttime,Toalloweachactivitytobescheduledwiththesmoothestpossibletransitionacrossusagelevels.ResourceLeveling(Smooting)Resourcemanagementisamultivariate,combinatorialproblem,i.e.multiplesolutionswithmanyvariables,themathematicallyoptimalsolutionmaybedifficultorinfeasible.Morecommonapproachtoanalyzingresourcelevelingproblemsistoapplysomeresourcelevelingheuristics.ResourceLevelingHeuristicsPrioritizingresourceallocationincludeapplyingresourcestoactivities:withthesmallestamountofslackwiththesmallestdurationthatstartearliestwiththemostsuccessortasksrequiringthemostresourcesResourceLevelingStepsCreateaprojectactivitynetworkdiagramCreateatableshowingtheresourcesrequiredforeachactivity,durations,andthetotalfloatavailableDevelopatime-phasedresourceloadingtableIdentifyanyresourceconflictsandbegintosmooththeloadingtableusingoneormoreheuristicsResourceLevelingTechniques1.Shiftthestartdateofanactivitywithinitsslacktime2.SplittheactivitywithinitsslacktimeActivityShiftingActivitySplittingA24682121086414CBDEFProjectDaysResourcesDrawaninitialloadingchartwitheachactivityscheduledatitsES.ResourceimbalanceActivitySplittingRearrangeactivitieswithintheirslacktocreateamorelevelprofile.SplittingCcreatesamorelevelproject.A24682121086414CBDEFProjectDaysResourcesC