定语从句语法讲解

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定语的表示法•定语是用来修饰名词或代词的,说明所修饰词的性质、特征及所属,限定或修饰名词(或代词)的句子成分。英语中常见作定语的有:名词、形容词、分词、动名词、动词不定式、数词、代词、副词、介词短语和从句等。现将其表示法归纳如下:•一、名词作前置定语•名词作前置定语应注意:•1.通常表示在以下几种情况。•(1)中心词的用途或功能:amilkbottle,eyedrops•(2)发生的时间:aneveningparty,birthdaycard,summervacation•(3)处所:TsinghuaUniversity,TianAnMenSquare,NanjingRoad•(4)性别或身份:aboyfriend,ababykangaroo•(5)性质或类别:thepapertiger,thetimetable•2.man和woman作定语时应注意其单复数形式。•例amandoctor---mendoctors男医生•awomanengineer---womenengineers女工程师•3.表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体等的名词作定语可以用加’s所有格的形式。•例today’snewspaper,tenminutes’walk,China’sindustry•.•4.某些名词如sports,goods,clothes,sales等作定语时只用复数•例asportscar一辆跑车•asalesmanager一位销售经理•5.名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。•例girlfriend女朋友---thegirl’sfriend那位女孩的朋友•womendrivers女司机---thewoman’sdriver那位妇女的司机注:•名词作定语修饰另一名词,若前后两个名词都是人或物时,一般不用’s所有格形式。•例Mybrothertakescareofthevegetablegarden.•Todaycountrymusichasreturned.•二、分词作前置定语或后置定语•分词作定语时:•1.应注意它与被修饰的名词之间的关系。现在分词与被修饰名词构成主谓关系;过去分词则与被修饰名词构成动宾关系。因此,现在分词带有主动和进行的意义,过去分词带有被动和完成的意义。•2.一般地说,单个分词作定语时,放在被修饰的名词之前作前置定语;分词短语作定语时,则放在被修饰的名词之后作后置定语。•例adevelopingcountry发展中国家•adevelopedcountry发达国家•Theboysingingnowisaclassmateofmine.••三、动名词作前置定语•动名词和现在分词的形式一样,都由动词+ing构成,都可作定语,动名词所修饰的一般是物,表示所修饰名词的用途、性质或功能,具有名词的性质,它同所修饰的名词间不存在主谓关系。•例awalking(为动名词)stick=astickwhichisusedforwalking•anironing(为动名词)board=aboardwhichisusedforironing•asleeping(为现在分词)boy=aboywhoissleeping在睡觉的男孩•asleeping(为动名词)bag=abagwhichisusedforsleeping睡袋•四、动词不定式作后置定语•动词不定式作定语应注意:•1.表示将要发生的动作,有时根据句意需要加上介词,这时介词不能省略,因为被修饰的名词是它的宾语。•例Thefarmersthoughtofwaystoprotecttheircrops.•Wehaveonlyasmallcoldroomtolivein.•2.用于修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词。•例MarieCuriebecamethefirstwomaninFrancetobeauniversityprofessor.•ShewasthefirstpersoninthewordtoreceivetwoNobelPrize.•Hewasthebestmantodothejob.•3.根据不同的句意,不定式可用主动语态或被动语态。•例Haveyougotanythingtopost?(post的动作执行者是“你”)•Haveyougotanythingtobeposted?(post的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)•Therearesomeplatestowash(tobewashed).•五、形容词作前置定语或后置定语•1.多个形容词修饰一个名词时,与该名词关系密切的、反应名词最本质的形容词最靠近该名词,一般排序如下:限定词+数量形容词+描绘性形容词+大小、长短、高低等形容词+新旧、老幼形容词+颜色+国籍+材料+被修饰的名词。•2.形容词修饰以-body,-one,-thing,-where结尾的复合不定代词,常作后置定语。•例Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.•Wedidn’tmeetanybodynewattheparty.•3.多数以a-开头的形容词,如afraid,alive,alone,asleep,awake,ashamed,alike等只能作后置定语。•例Untilrecently,theonlymiludeeraliveintheworldbelongedtotheDukeofBedfordinEnglish.•六、数词作前置定语•数词作定语应注意:•1.基数词与序数词连用时,序数词通常在前。•例thefirstfivepagesofthebook这本书的前五页•2.序数词前通常加定冠词the,表顺序,但也可以加不定冠词a/an,表示“又,再”。•例Tryasecondtimeandyou’llsucceed.再试一次,你会成功•七、代词作前置定语•形容词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词修饰名词都作前置定语。•1.---Haveyoufinishedyourreportyet?•---No,I’llfinishitin_____tenminutes.•A.anotherB.other•C.moreD.less•注:another和more的用法:another+数词+名词,而数词+more+名词。•八、副词作后置定语•副词修饰名词作定语时常后置,常见的副词如here,there,out,up,down,home,abroad,together等。•例Thepeasantsthereareveryfriendly.•ImetMr.Wangonmywayhome.•九、介词短语作后置定语•介词短语修饰名词或代词只能作后置定语。•例Thegirlinaredcoatismysister.•OneofthemostimportanttemplesindangerwastheoneatAbuSymbol.•Nowhereelseintheworldcantherebesuchaquiet,beautifulplace.•关系代词that和which•1Finally,thethiefhandedeverythinghehadstolen.•归纳:1先行词为不定代词everything,little,much,all,anything,nothing用that。•2ThisisthebestbookI’veeverread.•3ThefirstplacetheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.•归纳:2先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时,用that。•4Allcanbedonehasbeendone.•Ihavereadallthebooksyougaveme.归纳:3先行词被all,any,no,little,much,some,every修饰时用thatthat(that)thatthatthat•6ThisistheverydictionaryIwanttobuy.•7Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingheowned.归纳:4.先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时,用that。8Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorywehavelearned?归纳:5先行词同时指人和指物时,用that。9YesterdayIcaughttwofishandtheminabasinofwater.Nowyoucanseethetwoarestillalive.归纳:6当先行词为数词时,用that。thatthatthatthat•10Whoisthemanisstandingthere?•11WhichistheT-shirtfitsmemost?•归纳:7当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时,用that。•12There'sstillaseatinthecornerisstillfree.•归纳:8主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词。thatthatthat•归纳:关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换,但是下面情况只能用that.1先行词为不定代词everything,little,much,all,anything,nothing。2先行词前有形容词最高级、序数词修饰时,用that。3先行词被all,any,no,little,much,some,every修饰时4先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast修饰时,用that。5先行词同时指人和指物时,用that。6当先行词为数词时,用that。7当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时,用that。8主句是Therebe结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that作关系代词。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;与先行词之间不能用逗号分开;Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。•China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.五.限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号和主句隔开用逗号和主句隔开意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语,不能删除是对先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍完整译法上翻译成先行词的定语,“…的…”通常翻译成主句的并列句关系词的使用上A.做宾语时可省略B.可用that,whyC.可用who代替whomA.做宾语时不可省略B.不用that,whyC.不用who代替whom•限制性定语从句举例:•(1)TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.•非限制性定语从句举例:•(1)Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.•要注意区分以下几个句子的不同•(1)Hisbrotherwhoisnowadoctoralwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.•他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)•(2)Hisbrother,whoisnowadoctor,alwaysencourageshimtogotocollege.•他的哥哥是当医生的,常鼓励他要考上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)1Hemadethesamemistakesagain,_____madehisparentsveryangry.2YesterdayIboughtadictionary,_______costmemorethan100yuan.3MrSmith,_______gaveatalkseveralmonthsago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