搜索
哈佛大学幸福课第六课中英文讲义希望各位度过了个愉快的周末Hopeyouhadawonderfullongweekend.好了直入主题So,let'sjumprightintoit.上回说到哪儿了Sowheredidweleavelasttime?上回我们谈了环境的力量Lasttimewetalkedaboutthepowerofthesituation,谈到了信念是如何成为自我实现的预言wetalkabouthowbeliefsbecomeself-fulfillingprophesies.以及我们是如何通过环境Andhowitisthroughthesituation对他人产生期望及信念thatweveryoftencreateexpectations,believesofpeople.这些信念会变成现实Andthesebelievesbecomereality.还谈到了为什么说社会心理学本质上是从Andwetalkedabouthowsocialpsychologyessentiallystarted某些重要的实验开始的比如米尔格伦实验withsomeveryimportantexperimentsuchastheMilgrimeffect,又称权利服从研究orobediencetoauthority.比如津巴多的监狱实验SuchasZimbardo'sprisonexperiment,试验中囚犯被关在...whereprisonerswereputinorplayed...学生扮演囚犯及看守的角色studentsplaytheroleofprisonersortheroleofwardens完全进入了角色以至于andtheyactuallyenteredthatrolesototally一周后实验被迫中止thatafteraweektheexperimenthadtobestop,而原计划是要进行两周whenitwassupposetogoonfortwoweeks.接着我们提出了一个问题Andthenthequestionweaskedwas,既然环境的力量如此巨大OK,soweknowthatthesituationispowerful.能使人改变Weknowthatitmakesadifference.那能否创造出一种强大但积极的环境Canwealsocreateapowerful,将人的最佳状态充分调动起来?positivesituationtobringoutthebestinpeople?答案是肯定的Andtheanswerisyes.我们对此做了深入分析并谈到了AndwestartedtalkingaboutitandwetalkaboutprofessorLanger教授以及她的研究Langerandherresearchandhowsheshowthatputting她让一群老人置身于仿20年前的环境中um...elderlymeninanenvironmentwheretheywereactually要求他们装作回到20年前的生活orwheretheyactedasiftheywere20yearsyounger这些老人竟然变得年轻了actuallybecameyounger.他们的智力水平提高了Tothepointofhavinghigherlevelsofintelligence.记忆力提升了Tothepointofimprovingtheirmemory.视力听力也改善了Improvingtheireyesight,improvingtheirhearing.手指骨骼间的距离变长了Thedistancebetweenthebonesintheirfingersactually这是年轻的迹象becamelongerwhichisasignofyoungerage.他们自评及互评都认为Theywereratedbyothersaswellasbythemselves自己更健康更年轻了asstrongerandyoungerjustbecausetheyactedasif就因为他们装作自己处在1959年itwas1959insteadofwhatitwasreallywas,而不是1979年这就是积极环境的力量whichwas1979.Thepowerofthepositivesituation.她还进行了另一项实验Andthenshedidanothermoreresearchon对象要进行视力检查peoplegoingforaneyesighttest,他们被安排在了飞行模拟器里andputtheminasituationinaflightsimulator.做完全一样的视力检查Andtheexactsameeyesighttest,因为环境的不同测试结果竟然提高了theyactuallyperformedbetterjustbecauseofthesituation.然后我们接着继续讲上回结束的地方就是Andwemovedonthatwhatweendedlasttime分析影射影射是...bytalkingaboutpriming.Primingis...可以从意识及潜意识两个层面进行canbedoneintheconsciousorsubconsciouslevel.是指在我们的意识或潜意识中植入Itmeansplantingaseed,plantingabelief,plantingaword,一粒种子一种信念一个词或一幅画面orapictureinourmind,consciouslyorsubconsciously.以及如何对我们行为产生影响Andhowthatactuallyinfluencesourbehavior.Bargh在纽约大学时SoBargh,thattimeofNYU,进行过一项研究他用年老的相关词didtheresearchwhereheprimedtopeople影射实验对象withwordsassociatedwithold.如果你们还记得这些词包括皱纹Wordsifyouremembersuchaswrinkles,年老佛罗里达wordssuchasold,wordssuchasFlorida.这种影射导致的结果是Andasaresultofthispriming,实验参与者走路更慢了thoseparticipantsinthestudyactuallywalkedslower,更佝偻了oractuallyweremorestooped.研究者进行评估时Whenevaluatedbyresearchers并不知道每个对象的实验条件whowerenotawareoftheircondition,meaningtheydidn'tknow也就是说不清楚他们是被影射了对照词whethertheywereprimedwithcontrolwords,随机词还是年老相关词justrandomwords,orwithwordsassociatedwithold.所以通过影射人们的行为Soitwasjustthroughtheprimingthatpeopleactually的确会发生改变startedtobehavedifferently.环境的力量外界的力量Thepowerofthesituation.Thepoweroftheenvironment.然后Bargh将实验更进了一步AndthenBarghtookitstepfurtherandsaid,决定用使用积极的影射比如成就OK,let'sprimethewithpositiveprimessuchasachievement,毅力成功suchaspersistence,suchassuccess.比如这些词Thesewords,forexample,成就的近义词theyhadtofindasynonymforthewordachievement.实验对象被影射这些词后Thosewhoareprimedwiththesewordsonintelligencetest智力及记忆力测试的成绩andonmemorytestactuallyperformedbetter比没有影射的对照组好thanthecontrolgroupwhowasn'tprimedwiththesewords.两位荷兰研究人员Dijksterhuis和KnippensbergTwoDutchresearchers-Dijksterhuis&Knippensberg,也进行了影射实验他们找了一批人whattheyfoundwasthattheybroughtpeople,请他们为下一次实验进行描述andtheyaskthemtodescribeforfutureexperiment,不是本次实验notforthatexperiment.让他们为下一次实验Forafutureexperiment,askthemtodescribe描述三种原型的典型日常行为及其性格:thetypicaldayortypicalcharacteristicsofthreearchetypes-足球流氓秘书及教授asoccerhooligan,asecretaryandaprofessor.描述这三种原型Describethesethreearchetypes.他们被告知这是为下次实验做准备Andtheytoldthemthisisforthenextexperiment需要这三种原型的描述wherewejustwantpeopletoevaluatethesearchetypes.但他们不知道的是通过对原型进行描述Notknowingthatactuallybydescribingthesearchetypes,自己已经被影射了theseindividualswereprimed.他们分别被影射为足球流氓秘书Theywereprimedforasoccerhooligan,forasecretary,或教授orforaprofessor.影射后他们接受了智力测试Andthentheyhavetodointelligencetestsafterwards,及记忆力测试memorytestafterthoseprimes.描述足球流氓日常行为的人Thosewhohadtodescribethedayofsoccerhooligan表现得最糟performedtheworse.无论是记忆力还是智力Intermsofmemory.Intermofintelligence.然后是描述秘书的人Thentherewasthesecretaryandthosewhoperformedthebest表现最好的是描述教授的人werethosewhodescribedtheprofessor.而他们之前并没有更努力学习Nowtheydidn'tstudyanyharderbefore.什么也没有改变除了发生了影射Nothingchangedexceptforthefactthattherewasaprime,that环境中有东西植入了他们的思想therewassomethingplantedfromtheenvironmentintheirminds.现在的问题是Thequestionthenis,我们如何为自己创造一个积极的环境howcanwecreateapositiveenvironmentforourselves,让自己受到积极的影射变得更幸福whereweareprimedbythepositive,wherewecanbehappier,更成功等等moresuccessfulandsoon.方法有很多Andthere'smanywaysinwhichwecandoit.我跟大家分享几个Letmeshareafew.其实这将是你们这周的作业之一Infactthere'