初中英语构词法

初中英语构词法英语构词方法主要有三种：即合成、派生和转化。一.转化英语单词的词性非常活跃，名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等现象非常普遍，这种把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化。阅读中经常出现转化词，只要抓住单词的原始意思，结合句子成分，就容易弄清它们的引申义。1.动词和名词之间的相互转化。有时意思变化不大，有时有一定的变化。1)动词转化为名词。如：ShallwegooutforadrivenextSunday?下个星期天咱们出去驱车旅行，好吗?句中的drive由动词转化为名词(词意引申为“驱车旅行”)。Ioftengothereforawalk.我经常去那里散步。(句中walk由动词转化为名词)2)名词转化为动词。如：Haveyoubookedyourticket?你的票订好了吗?(句中book由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“订购”)Handmeyourknife,please.请把你的刀子递给我。(句中hand由名词转化为动词,词意引申为“传递”)2.少部分形容词转化为动词。Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.火车速度减慢了一半。(句中slow由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“减速”)Don'tdirtyyourclothes.别把你的衣服弄脏了。(句中dirty由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“弄脏”)3.形容词和名词之间的相互转化。Thepoorwerenotallowedtogointothisparkthosedays.那个时候，穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。(句中poor由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“穷人”)Theytookthesicktohospitalyesterday.昨天他们把那个病人送进了医院。(句中sick由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“病人”)4.有些词可以词形不变，只因重音变化而发生词类转化，有时词义也可能变化。如:record[reˈkɔːd]v.记录record[rɪˈkɔːd]n.记录5.有些词词形不变，只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化，有时词形也可以变化如:excuse[ɪksˈkjuːz]v.原谅excuse[ɪksˈkjuːs]n.原谅use[juːz]v.用use[juːs]n.用二.派生派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如：happy—unhappy(加前缀un-)happy—happily(加后缀-ly)1.通过加前缀构成另一个词。前缀一般不造成词类的转换，但能引起词义的变化。前缀中有相当一部分可构成反义词。常用的前缀有：dis-不,相反的dislike不喜欢,disappear消失,dishonest不诚实im-不impossible不可能,impolite不礼貌mis-错误的Misuse（勿用）,misunderstand（误解）,mistrust（误信）re-重新,再次rewrite,retellsuper-超级,上层supermarket,supermanun-不unfair,unusual,unable,unlikeunder-下面的underground个别前缀也可以引起词类的变化，如：en-可以和名词或形容词构成动词：enlarge（扩大）,enable（使能够）,encourage（鼓励）；a-可以和名词构成形容词：asleep（睡着的）；out-可以和一些动词构成名词：outcome（结果）,outlet（出口）,outlook（观点）。2.通过加后缀构成另一个词。后缀不仅能改变词义,也能改变词类。1)常用的构成名词的后缀：后缀意义例词-er人,动作者worker,singer,recorder,teacher-or人,动作者actor,visitor,editor-ist人,主义者chemist,dentist,scientist,-ess女性actress,waitress-hood身份,状态childhood,boyhood-ment行为,动作,结果government,movement,development-ness状态,性质illness,happiness-ion动作,状态discussion,decision,organization-th状态length,wealth,truth-ese人Japanese,Chinese-ian人American,musician,historian-ship状态friendship,membership2)常用的构成动词的后缀：后缀意义例词-en动词词尾widen,strengthen,darken,-fy动词词尾beautify3)常用的构成副词的后缀：后缀意义例词-ly副词词尾slowly,happily,simply-ward(s)副词词尾eastward(s),backward(s)4)常用的构成形容词的后缀：后缀意义例词-able……的agreeable,payable,readable-an……的European,American,Canadian-al……的political,musical-en由……制成woolen,golden-ed……的blue-eyed-ful充满的careful,painful,hopeful-ish……的foolish,Swedish-less没有的careless,homeless,endless-ly充满,性质friendly,lovely,motherly-ous有……的famous,dangerous-y充满,性质rainy,dirty,sunny,cloudy,sleepy5)数词后缀后缀意义例词-teen十几thirteen;fifteen;eighteen-ty几十forty;fifty;ninety-th第……fifth;sixth;eighth三.合成将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词。合成词在英语中比较活跃，广泛运用在涉及各个领域的语言文字中。常用的合成词的构成方法如下：1.合成形容词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词形容词+名词+-edwhite-haired,warm-hearted,kind-hearted形容词+现在分词good-looking,easy-going形容词+过去分词ready-made,new-born副词+现在分词hard-working,well-meaning副词+过去分词well-known,newly-built名词+现在分词English-speaking,south-facing名词+过去分词man-made,water-covered名词+形容词snow-white,homesick副词/形容词+名词right-hand,full-time数词+名词100-meter,million-pound数词+名词+形容词180-foot-high,10-year-old数词+名词+-edfour-legged,one-eyed2.合成动词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词副词+动词overcome,understand形容词+动词dry-clean,white-wash名词+动词typewrite,sleepwalk3.合成名词常见的构成方法：构成方法例词名词+名词classroom,schoolgirl,weekend,bookshop形容词+名词highway,blackboard,hotdog,greenhouse动词+副词get-together,break-down名词+动名词handwriting,storytelling副词+名词outbreak,overcoat动名词+名词diningroom,sleepingcar,reading-room4.合成副词或代词如：maybe,forever,myself,whole-heartedly,however,everyone,something5.有时一个名词可以构成许多合成词如：handbag,handball,handwriting,hand-made构词法练习一、选择填空1.Thatmanwas________enoughnottotellthemanagerthathewouldnotdothejob.A.careB.carefulC.carelessD.carelessness2.Thesoldierdiedforsavingthechild，sohis________isheavierthanMountTai.A.dieB.deadC.diedD.death3.Thechildlooked________athisbrotherwhowasbadlywounded.A.sadlyB.sadnessC.sadlyD.sad4.Heisanexpertatchemistry.Weallcallhima________.A.chemistryB.chemicalC.chemistD.physician5.Thethree-________chairisn’tsuitableforayoungchild.Hemayfalloff.A.leggingB.leggedC.legsD.leged6.Stephensonbecamethe________railwayengineerintheworld.A.leadB.leaderC.leadingD.leadership7.Whentheteacherpraisedhimforworkingoutthemathsproblem，Jacklooked________aboutathisclassmates.A.proudB.proudlyC.prideD.pridely8.Toeveryone’s________，thegirlfinishedthejobquitewell.A.satisfiedB.satisfactoryC.satisfyingD.satisfaction9.—Whatareyoudoinghere?—Oh，myteacheraskedmetowriteapassageabout________inEnglish.—Youcanwrite________passageinEnglish?A.600words；a600-wordsB.600-word；a600-wordsC.600words；a600-wordD.600words；a600-words10.Nooneshouldenterthespotwithoutthe________ofthepolice.A.permitB.permissionC.permittingD.permittence11.Youmustcomewithustothepolice________.Ourheadiswaitingforyou.A.headquartersB.headlineC.headmasterD.headache12.Lettingthatanimalescapewasnoaccident；youdidit________.A.intendB.intentionC.intentionallyD.intentional13.Theshopownerwelcomedalltheguestswitha________smile.A.practiceB.practiseC.practicalD.practiced14.The________orderedhimtopaya$100fine.A.judgerB.judgmentC.judgeD.judgement15.MyTVisoutoforder.Canyoutellmewhatisthe________newsaboutIraqWar?A.latelyB.latestC.laterD.latter16.TheGreatWallismorethan6000liin________.A.longerB.l