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Lesson55PatternsofCulture文化的模式文化的模式Customhasnotbeencommonlyregardedasasubjectofanygreatmoment.Theinnerworkingsofourownbrainswefeeltobeuniquelyworthyofinvestigation,butcustomhaveawayofthinking,isbehaviouratitsmostcommonplace.Asamatteroffact,itistheotherwayaround.Traditionalcustom,takentheworldover,isamassofdetailedbehaviourmoreastonishingthanwhatanyonepersoncaneverevolveinindividualactions,nomatterhowaberrant.Yetthatisarathertrivialaspectofthematter.Thefactoffirst-rateimportanceisthepredominantrolethatcustomplaysinexperienceandinbelief,andtheverygreatvarietiesitmaymanifest.Nomaneverlooksattheworldwithpristineeyes.Heseesiteditedbyadefinitesetofcustomsandinstitutionsandwaysofthinking.Eveninhisphilosophicalprobingshecannotgobehindthesestereotypes;hisveryconceptsofthetrueandthefalsewillstillhavereferencetohisparticulartraditionalcustoms.JohnDeweyhassaidinallseriousnessthatthepartplayedbycustominshapingthebehaviouroftheindividualasoveragainstanywayinwhichhecanaffecttraditionalcustom,isastheproportionofthetotalvocabularyofhismothertongueoveragainstthosewordsofhisownbabytalkthataretakenupintothevernacularofhisfamily.Whenoneseriouslystudiesthesocialordersthathavehadtheopportunitytodevelopautonomously,thefigurebecomesnomorethananexactandmatter-off-factobservation.Thelifehistoryoftheindividualisfirstandforemostanaccommodationtothepatternsandstandardstraditionallyhandeddowninhiscommunity.Fromthemomentofhisbirththecustomsintowhichheisbornshapehisexperienceandbehaviour.Bythetimehecantalk,heisthelittlecreatureofhisculture,andbythetimeheisgrownandabletotakepartinitsactivities,itshabitsarehishabits,itsbeliefshisbeliefs,itsimpossibilitieshisimpossibilities.Everychildthatisbornintohisgroupwillsharethemwithhim,andnochildbornintooneontheoppositesideoftheglobecaneverachievethethousandthpart.Thereisnosocialproblemitismoreincumbentuponustounderstandthanthisoftheroleofcustom.Untilweareintelligentastoitslawsandvarieties,themaincomplicatingfactsofhumanlifemustremainunintelligible.Thestudyofcustomcanbeprofitableonlyaftercertainpreliminarypropositionshavebeenaccepted,andsomeofthesepropositionshavebeenviolentlyopposed.Inthefirstplaceanyscientificstudyrequiresthattherebenopreferentialweightingofoneoranotheroftheitemsintheseriesitselectsforitsconsideration.Inallthelesscontroversialfieldslikethestudyofcactiortermitesorthenatureofnebulae,thenecessarymethodofstudyistogrouptherelevantmaterial特别说明：本文档根据新东方新概念第四册（第二版）网络课堂Flash制作（转发请保持文档的完整性）只可用于学习交流，不得用于商业目的！！！-139–文字录入：dale76整理发布：kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson55andtotakenoteofallpossiblevariantformsandconditions.Inthiswaywehavelearnedallthatweknowofthelawsofastronomy,orofthehabitsofthesocialinsects,letussay.Itisonlyinthestudyofmanhimselfthatthemajorsocialscienceshavesubstitutedthestudyofonelocalvariation,thatofWesterncivilization.Anthropologywasbydefinitionimpossibleaslongasthesedistinctionsbetweenourselvesandtheprimitive,ourselvesandthebarbarian,ourselvesandthepagan,heldswayoverpeople'sminds.Itwasnecessaryfirsttoarriveatthatdegree,ofsophisticationwherewenolongersetourownbeliefoveragainstourneighbour'ssuperstition.Itwasnecessarytorecognizethattheseinstitutionswhicharebasedonthesamepremises,letussaythesupernatural,mustbeconsideredtogether,ourownamongtherest.Newwordsandexpressions生词短语awayofthinking一种想法commonplacea.平凡的口头语commontheotherwayaround相反aberranta.脱离常轨的，异常的；（医）变异，失常ab-表示“偏离，脱离或离开”=irregularnormal正常——abnormal不正常；use用——abuse滥用；（近）eccentric怪异的；straying偏离的：astraydog野狗；goastray步入歧途triviala.微不足道的，琐碎的triviality细节，琐事（见lesson12）fristrate第一流A-one第一等的，第一流的；topflight最棒的；secondtonone首屈一指；secondto次于predominanta.占优势的，起支配作用的predominacen.dominate统治地位pre-前面的=superior,preponderateparamount绝对重要；principal主要的；校长manifestvt.清楚地表现illustratevi.举例说明；图解；加插图于；阐明vi.举例portray绘画pristinea.原始的（太古年代）(lesson27)（近）primitive原始的（一般）；ancient古代的；prehistoric史前的stereotypen.陈规(lesson5)breakthrough打破overagainst和……相比=becomparedwith-140–文字录入：dale76整理发布：kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson55vernacularn.方言（和外语相比较）母语，mothertongue的变体（近）dialect方言（在一国内）accent口音varyfrompersontoperson因人而异accommodationn.适应v.accommodate容纳Heaccommodateshimselftosth.accommodationto对……适应=adaptto,adjustmentto区别adoption采取，收养incumbenta.义不容辞的，有责任的结构：Itisincumbentonsb.todo…responsible有责任的responsiblefor为……负责propositionn.主张来源：propose向……提议Manproposes,Goddisposes.谋事在人，成事在天。（近）tender投标，建议unintelligiblea.难理解的intelligible可理解的区别：intellectual知识分子；intelligent聪明的read—readable—unreadable;comprehension—comprehensible—incomprehensible;discern—discernable—undiscernablepreferentiala.优先的来源：preferfavorable有利的Iprefergreenteatoblacktea./Iprefertogreentearatherthanblacktea.blackcoffee=sugarfreecoffee现在国外最流行的：decafcoffeecontroversiala.引起争论的controversyn.论争（lesson39）cactusn.仙人掌复数形式：cacti拉丁变形abacus算盘—abaci(pl.);alumnus校友—alumni(pl.)termiten.白蚁groupvt.把……分类varianta.不同的variationn.变化；变奏曲易混：various各种各样的；variety多样性barbariann.野蛮人=savage,vandalpagann.异教徒相信不只有一个神的人；非基督教徒者区别heretic异教徒信邪教的人-141–文字录入：dale76整理发布：kaiziliu荣誉出品新概念英语（第二版第四册）Lesson55holdswayover支配，掌握Superstitionholdsswayovermybrain/mind.wield挥，统治，