Refutation(驳论文写作)

L/O/G/ORefutationFromTheENPGroup2014.5.27TaskschedulingCEOSpeakersDataCollectorsPPTmakersDefinationStepsWaysofargumentationSomeexamplesandpoints4123ContentsThemodelessay5Arefutationistheactofprovingsomethingwrongbyargumentorevidence.Thepartofanargumentinwhichaspeakerorwritercountersopposingpointsofview.WhatisRefutation?WhatisRefutation?ArefutationpaperisreferredtoasanargumentpaperYourrefutationYoumustfullyunderstandtheirpointofviewIt'simportanttoresearchyoursideoftheissueandyourcriticswellDefinationStepsWaysofargumentationSomeexamplesandpoints4123ContentsThemodelessay5StepsofRefutationStep1Step2Thenputtheirargumentsdownonebyonebydisprovingthemorshowingwhytheyshouldnotbebelieved.First,verybrieflybringupthemainargumentsthatyouropponentshavemadeormightmakeintheirownfavorStepsofRefutationIntroductoryparagraphBodyparagraphConclusionparagraphWriteanIntroductionWhatCanbeAttackedTellaStrongThesisStatementAttackopposingargumentsHowtoendHowtowriteaRefutation1.ProvidenecessarybackgroundinformationWhythereisacontroversyoveritHowdifferentopinionscameaboutWhoisonwhatsideWhattheclaimsofeachsideareWhyanyonecares•Youshouldalsodefinewordsthatyourreadersdon’tknow,orwordsthatusuallygeneral,butyouuseinaspecificway,orwordsthatareeasilymisunderstoodinmeaning.HowtoWriteanIntroduction2.Becharming•Youcanwintheattentionandgoodwillofyourreadersbytellinganinterestingstory,quotingawell-phrasedcommentontheissue.Youshouldavoidpomposity(自负)andshowconcernforyourreaders.Youshouldpresentyourselfasfair-mindedandgood-natured.HowtoWriteanIntroduction3.Astrongthesisstatementexpressesonemainidea.•CompaniesneedtoexploitthemarketingpotentialoftheInternet,andWebpagescanprovidebothadvertisingandcustomersupport.(weak)•BecausetheInternetisfilledwithtremendousmarketingpotential,companiesshouldexploitthispotentialbyusingWebpagesthatofferbothadvertisingandcustomersupport.(strong)HowtoTellaStrongThesisStatement4.Astrongthesisstatementisspecific.•Worldhungerhasmanycausesandeffects.(weak)•HungerpersistsinGlandeliniabecausejobsarescarceandfarmingintheinfertilesoilisrarelyprofitable.(strong)HowtoTellaStrongThesisStatement1.Unclear:•Contradictsitself•Fullofholes•Leavestoomanyquestionsunanswered•Usestoomanyobscureorundefinedwords•ToogeneralWhatOpposingArgumentsCanbeAttacked2.Incredible:•Strainsthereaders’suspensionofdisbelief•Offersnoreasonstobelievetheopponent’sstatements•Givesnosolidsourcesforunusualclaims•Reliesonquestionableoroutdatedorbiasedsources•Reliesonpersonalstoriesinsteadofobjectiveevidence•ReliesonevidencethatismissingorcannotbereproducedWhatOpposingArgumentsCanbeAttacked3.Impossible:•Isnotanchoredinarealworld•Isaproposalthatisnotpossibletoaccomplish•Strainsthereaders’imagination•Sillyorpreposterous•Ignoresthelawofnature•Turnstheworldonitshead•RequiresamiracleoranactofGodtocometrue•Isamillion-to-onelongshotWhatOpposingArgumentsCanbeAttacked4.illogical:•Doesnotstanduptothetestoflogic•Isnotanintelligentanalysis•Jumpstoconclusions•Inducesgrosslogicalfallacies•Isignorant,uneducated,childish,infantile•Lacksanyevidenceorproofforstatements•Closed-minded•ConvenientlyignoresthefactsWhatOpposingArgumentsCanbeAttacked5.Unfitting:•Isnotrightormoralinacivilizedsociety•Evil-minded,unworthyofdecentpeople•Culturalunacceptable,disagreeswithyourownfaithormorals•Inhumane•Self-centeredWhatOpposingArgumentsCanbeAttacked6.Unprofitable:•Makesnosensefinanciallyormoney-wise•Wasteful•Costsmorethanitsaves•Resultsinpovertyandbankruptcy（破产）orstarvationWhatOpposingArgumentsCanbeAttacked1.Examples:examplesnotonlymakeageneralizationclearer,theyarealsolikelytomakeitmoreconvincing.2.Facts:afactisastatementacceptedastrue.Itcanbefromnewspapers,almanmacs（年鉴）,encyclopedias（百科全书）andresearchstudies.3.Authoritativeorexpertopinions:tociteexpertsonthesubjectwhoagreewithyourpointsofview.Howtoattackopposingarguments4.Statisticalfindings:datashowinghowmuch,howmany,orhowoften—canbeconvincing.5.Personalexperiencesorobservations:Sometimestheycandeliveranargumentativemessagemoreforcefullythananyotherkindofevidence.Personalexperienceusuallyreinforcesbutdoesnotreplaceotherkindsofevidences.Howtoattackopposingarguments•Restartyourthesisindifferentways•Lookintothefuture•Makefunofyouropponents•SummarizeyourmajorpointsifyourpaperislongHowtoendDefinationStepsWaysofargumentationSomeexamplesandpoints4123ContentsThemodelessay5WayofargumentationRefutationthroughLogicWayofargumentationRefutationthroughEvidenceRefutationthroughMinimization•Anargumentstandsonlegsofevidence.Ifthereisnosupportorclearjustificationsforanargument,itcannotbesoundorvalid.•Awritercanrefuteanopposingargumentbysuccessfullycounteringitthroughevidence,whetherit'sevidencethatconclusivelydisprovesitbyitsfindingsorbecauseit'smorerecent/credibleevidence.RefutationthroughEvidence•Onepopulardebaterightnowcentersontheexistenceofglobalwarming,aswesawinthecartoon.Ifaproponentfortheexistenceofglobalwarmingcitedanarticleabouttsunamisfrom2005,his/heropponentcouldcomebackwithamorerecentarticle(say,from2010)demonstratingscientificevidencethatdisprov