英语词汇学授课课件

Lexicology词汇学李庚敏15820285136IntroductionLexicologyAbranchoflinguistics,inquiringintotheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Aimsatinvestigatingandstudyingthemorphologicalstructures(形态结构)ofwords,theirsemanticstructures,relations,historicaldevelopment,formationandusages.RelationwithotherdisciplinesMorphology形态学（structure）Semantics语义学（meaning）Etymology词源学（originandhistoricaldevelopment）stylistics文体学（style）Lexicography词典编纂学（dictionary）Lexicologyembracesalltheabove.主要内容英语词汇学是一门以当代语言学多种理论为指导，全面深入研究英语词汇的专业课程。课程的主要内容包括：词汇学习和研究的基本概念、英语词汇的来源和发展演变、构词方法、词义的变化、词义关系、英语成语等。ChapterOneAGeneralSurveyofEnglishVocabulary英语词汇概述Keypoints1.word:definition2.DevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary(history)3.ClassificationofEnglishWordsWordWord与字？Definition：thetwooftenquoteddefinitionsfromBloomfield布洛姆菲尔德（美国语言学家教育家）andaFrenchlinguist,AntoineMeillet（梅耶，法国语言学家）Bloomfield“somelinguisticforms（语言形态）,whichwecallboundforms(限定/非自由形态)areneverusedassentences.Boundforms:aspartofalargerforme.g.boyish/childishFreeforms:occurassentencese.g.Fire!/Help!/PoorJohn/Johnranaway.Awordisafreeformwhichdoesnotconsistentirelyof(twoormore)lesserfreeforms.Inbelief,awordisaminimumfreeform.”(p.1,para.2)Thisdefinitionemphasizessyntax(句法)，butdoesnottouchuponmeaning.AntoineMeillet“Awordisdefinedbytheassociationofagivensensewithagivengroupofsoundscapableofagivengrammaticaluse.”(p.2,para.2)Maincriteria（标准）ofaword:Sound,meaningandsyntacticfunction（音、义、形）Definitionafundamentalunitofspeechandaminimumfreeform;withaunityofsoundandmeaningcapableofperformingagivensyntacticfunction.（p.2.para.4）言语的基本单位和最小自由形态；它是声音和意义的结合体，能发挥一定的句法功能。Wordsareeitherspokenorwritten.(口头和书面)AnExampleTheyoungmanleftquietly.Sound:Meaning:Syntacticfunction(句法功能):partofspeech(词性)The:article冠词young:adj.形容词Man：n.名词left：v.动词quietly:adv副词1.ThedevelopmentofEnglishVocabulary英语词汇的发展VocabularyAllthewordsinalanguage：（p.3）Thebuildingmaterialsofalanguage.Importanttohavesomeknowledgeofitsdevelopmentandgrowth.A:Historicalperspective历史的角度DevelopmentofEnglishanditsvocabulary:1.OldEnglish古英语/Anglo-Saxon盎格鲁撒克逊（449-1100）England：Celtic（凯尔特语）/450AD，invadedbyAngles盎格鲁,Saxons撒克逊,Jutes朱特人Vocabulary：5000-6000words，chieflyAnglo-Saxon/someOldNorse古斯堪的那维亚语OldNorsewords(are,they,their,them,till,call,die,give,take,skin,window,ill,weak)Latinwords:Romancontact(bargain,cheap,inch,pound,cup,dish,wall,wine)Christianity基督教:abbot(修道院院长)altar圣坛candle，templeMiddleEnglish（1100-1500）Transitional过度的：FrenchInfluenceNormanConquestin1066诺曼底征服EnglishforthemassandFrenchfortherulersVocabulary:LossofalargepartofOldEnglishwordsAdoptionofFrenchwords:Lawandgovernment:(judge,justice,state)Military:(conquer,victory)Religion:(confess,divine,sermon布道)clothing:(coat,dress,gown,robe)Food:(beef,pork,dinner)Art:(beauty,image)Literature:(chapter,poet,prose)Science:(medicine,remedy,surgeon)Thecoreofthelanguage:StillEnglishModernEnglish(1500-present)1.Renaissance:thestudyoftheclassicsLatinloanwords—scienceandabstractideas(function,education,exist,scientific)Greekwords:literary,technicalandscientificwords:(drama,comedy,tragedy,physics)French:café,attaché(专员)Spanish：cigar,vanilla，cocoaItalian：concert,piano,solo,piazza.Portuguese葡萄牙语:caste种姓制度，pagoda宝塔German：zinc锌Dutch：dockRussian：vodka,tsar沙皇2.Exploration,colonizationandtrade----borrowfromnon-EuropeanlanguageAustralian：kangarooArabic：sugar，alcoholIndian：coolie,khakiHebrew希伯来语:Chinese：yamenJapanese:tycoonAfrican:zebra,gorillaSummaryTheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.80%wordsareborrowed.Latin,French,Greek,ScandinavianlanguagesPortuguese,Italian,Spanish,Dutch.Otherlanguagesoftheworld.Result:1.Vocabularyextremelyrichandheterogeneous多样化的（onemillionwords）2.synonymsandidiomsB:rapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishVocabularyandItscausesNeologisms(新词)afterWorldWarIIReasons：1.progressofscienceandtechnology科技2.socio-economic,politicalandculturalchanges社会经济、政治和文化3.theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages其他文化和语言的影响1.MarkedprogressofscienceandtechnologyExamples:1.Nuclearbombs:chainreaction连所犯反应,overkill过度杀伤,medium-rangeballisticmissiles中程弹道导弹2.ExplorationofSpace:astronaut,countdown,spaceman,spaceshuttle3.computerscience:software,hardware,input,output,memory,monitor,database2.Socio-economic,politicalandculturalchangesA.newsocialhabitsandnewlivingconditions:hirepurchase(租购)，creditcardB.Domestichabits:chores杂事,housesitter代为看管房屋的人,housesitting,supermarketC.Drugaddiction药物成瘾:acidhead瘾君子D.Studentunrest:be-in(社交集会)love-in谈情说爱的集会gay/homophileE.internalpoliticalstruggleintheUS:Sit-in静坐swim-in游泳抗议teach-in宣讲会；座谈会（大学校园中就有争议的或重要的问题发表意见进行讨论）F:Women’sliberationmovement:Ms,Chairperson,chairwoman,spokeswomen,saleswoman,feminism,sexism性别歧视G.Struggleoftheblackpeople:blackstudies黑人研究blackpower黑人权利H.changesinEducation:openclassroom,openuniversity,I.NewEntertainment:call-in电话交谈节目J.Sports:skydiving跳伞运动3.TheinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguagesDiscotheque迪斯科舞厅MaotaiSummaryThedevelopmentofsciencetherapidchangesinsocietyThereceptiveandflexiblenatureofEnglishResultedinadrama