语言学总复习

语言学总复习Chapter1Invitationstolinguistics1.thedefinitionandthedesignfeaturesoflanguage语言的定义与特征2.theoriginandthefunctionoflanguage语言的起源和功能3.mainbranchesoflinguisticsstudy语言学研究的范围和内容4.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics语言学的一些重要概念的区分DefinitionoflanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Designfeaturesoflanguage1.arbitrariness任意性2.duality二重性3.creativity创造性4.displacement不受时空限制性/移位性OriginoflanguageDivine-origintheory神授说Bow-wowtheory汪汪理论摹声说Pooh-poohtheory噗噗理论感叹说Yo-he-hotheory呦嘿吼理论劳动叫喊说Functionsoflanguage1.informativefunction信息功能2.interpersonalfunction人际功能3.performativefunction施为功能4.emotivefunction感情功能5.phaticcommunion寒暄交谈6.recreationalfunction娱乐功能7.metalingualfunction元语言功能DefinitionoflinguisticsLinguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.语言学是对语言的科学研究。Mainbranchesoflinguistics1.phonetics语音学2.phonology音系学3.morphology形态学4.syntax句法学5.semantics语义学6.pragmatics语用学Macrolinguistics1.psycholinguistics心理语言学2.sociolinguistics社会语言学3.anthropologicallinguistics人类语言学4.computationallinguistics计算机语言学Importantdistinctionsinlinguistics1.prescriptive&descriptive规定式和描写式2.synchronic&diachronic共时研究与历时研究3.langue&parole语言与言语4.competence&performance语言能力与语言运用Chapter2Speechsounds1.speechorgans发音器官2.distinction,classificationandthecriteriaofdescriptionbetweenconsonantsandvowels辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3.coarticulationandphonetictranscriptions协同发音和语音转写4.phonmesandallophones音位和音位变体5.phonologicalprocess,phonologicalrulesanddistinctivefeatures音系过程、音系规则和区别特征6.syllablestructure,stressandintonation音节结构重音和语调MajorbranchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics发音语音学Acousticphonetics声学语音学Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学SpeechorgansThelungs（肺），thetrachea['treɪkɪə](气管),thethroat（咽喉）,thenoseandthemouthThemouth:thetongue,thepalate['pælət](颚)Thethroat:pharynx['færɪŋks](upper)(咽),larynx['lærɪŋks](lower)(喉头)Thevocaltract(声道):thepharynx,mouth,andnoseThemouth:theoralcavity(口腔)Thenose:thenasalcavity(鼻腔)Table2.1AchartofEnglishconsonantsEnglishvowels(RP)Fourbasicrequirementsforthedescriptionofvowels1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low)2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(tensevs.laxorlongvs.short)4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)Coarticulation协同发音anticipatorycoarticulation(先期协同发音).lambitisperseverativecoarticulation(后滞协同发音).mapPhonetictranscription标音Narrowtranscription严式标音Broadtranscription宽式标音Phonemesandallophones音位与音位变体1.minimalpairs最小对立体2.phoneme音位3.allophones音位变体4.complementarydistribution互补分布5.freevariation自由变体Assimilationrule同化规则Progressiveassimilation顺同化mapRegressiveassimilation逆同化lambSuprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征Syllable音节Stress重音Tone声调Intonation语调Thesyllablestructureσ音节Onset节首Rime韵基Nucleus节核Coda节尾kræktChapter3Frommorphemetophrase1.theformationofword词的构成2.theclassificationofword词的分类3.wordformation（1）：frommorphemetoword构词法1：从词素到词4.wordformation（2）：lexicalchange构词法2：词汇的变化Theformationofword词的构成1.morpheme词素2.freemorpheme自由词素3.boundmorpheme黏着词素4.root词根5.stem词干6.affix词缀7.inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix屈折词缀与派生词缀Theclassificationofword词的分类1variableandinvariablewords可变词与不变词2grammatical(functional)andlexical(content)words词汇词和语法词3closed-classandopen-classwords封闭类词和开放类词4wordclass词类Wordformation(1):frommorphemetoword构词法1：从词素到词1.inflectionalmorphology屈折构词2.derivationalmorphology(root+affix)派生构词（其中包含compounding(word+word)）Wordformation(2):lexicalchange构词法2：词汇的变化1.Invention新创词语2.Blending混拼词3.abbreviation(clipping)缩写词4.Acronym首字母缩写词5.Back-formation逆构词法6.Analogicalcreation类推构词7.classshift词性变换8.Borrowing外来词Chapter4FromWordtoText1.Syntacticrelations句法关系2.Grammaticalconstructionanditsconstituents语法结构与成分3.Syntacticfunction句法功能4.Category范畴5.Phrase,clauseandsentence6.Recursiveness递归性7.BeyondthesentenceDefinitionofsyntaxSyntaxisthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyoftheinterrelationshipbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.句法就是研究语言不同成分组成句子的规则或句子结构成分之间的关系。Syntacticrelations句法关系1.positionalrelation位置关系2.relationofsubstitutability替代关系3.relationofco-occurrence同现关系注意每种关系的不同名称及举例Functionalapproach功能学派IdentificationofSubject,Predicate,(predicator)Object.Thestructuralapproach结构主义学派(Saussure)ICAnalysis:ImmediateConstituentAnalysis直接成分分析法Treediagram树形图Endocentricandexocentricconstructions向心结构与离心结构（有无head）Coordinationandsubordination并列与从属（有几个head）Traditionalapproach传统学派Number数(singular,plural,dualetc.)Gender性(masculine,feminine,neuter)Case格(accusative宾格,nominative,主格dative与格etc.)Agreement一致性(anaphoric前照应,headanditsdependent与中心词的一致,verbandsubject主谓一致)Phrase,clauseandsentencePhrase&wordgroupClause(finite&non-finite,coordinateandsubordinateclause)SentenceRecursiveness递归性Conjoining并列Embedding从属BeyondthesentenceSententialconnection句子Cohesion衔接Cohesionisaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax.Itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,anddefinesitasatext.Cohesivedevices衔接手段conjunction连接词ellipsis省略lexicalcollocation词汇搭配lexicalrepet