欧洲文化8 III Reformation and Counter-Reformation

IIIReformationandCounter-Reformation宗教改革与反宗教改革3.1Generalintroduction★TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementaswellasasocio-politicalmovementwhichsweptoverthewholeofEurope.★TheReformationwasaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.★Thereformers,priests,humanistsandothersDENIEDthatthechurchauthoritiesandpriestsweretheonlyauthorityintheinterpretationoftheBibleandBELIEVEDINdirectcommunicationbetweentheindividualandGod.Toenablethisdirectcommunication,thereformistsengagedthemselvesintranslatingtheBibleintotheirmothertongues.★TheDEMANDSofthereformistsalsoincludedthatofsimplifyingrituals,abolishingheavytaxesleviedontheircountrymenandabolishingtheindulgences(赎罪券)——thecenturies-oldpracticeofpayingmoneytoreplacetheperformanceofthedeedofpenance(赎罪).★TheINTERESTSofthereformistscoveredawiderange,fromwishingtoseeinstitutionalreformoftheChurch,tomakingtheBibleaccessibletothecommonfolks,toliberatingnationaleconomyandpoliticsfromtheinterferenceoftheRomanCatholicChurchandcarryingoutwarsintheinterestsofthepeasantsandrevolutionintheinterestsofthebourgeoisie.3.2MartinLuther(1483-1546)andhisdoctrine★MartinLutherwastheGermanleaderoftheProtestant(新教)Reformation.HisdoctrinemarkedthefirstbreakintheunityoftheCatholicChurch.3.2.1BeginningoftheReformation★MartinLutherwasapriest,avicarandprofessoroftheology.HisexperienceinchurchmattersandhisstudyoftheScriptureledhimtopostonthedoorofthecastlechurchattheUniversityofWittenberghis95theses（95条论纲）,makingopenprotestagainsttheindulgencesthathadbeeninpracticeforcenturies,whichmarkedthebeginningofthereformationMovement.★HequotedtheScriptureinsupportofhisbeliefthatmenareredeemedbyfaithandnotbythepurchaseofindulgences.ThiswonsympathyamongtheexploitedwhohadtoyieldagoodpartoftheirfruitsoflabortotheChurch,aswellasamongthecivilauthoritieswhowereforcedtoseetheirfundsdrainedtotheRomanCatholicChurchfortheirworldlypleasure.★AstheReformationMovementdeveloped,itwentbeyondtheinstitutionalreformoftheChurchandbecameoneofthemainstreamsfortheliberationofnationalpoliticsfromtheRomaninterferenceandfortheliberationofeconomicdominationbytheRomanCatholicChurch.3.2.2TranslationoftheBible★OneofthedoctrinesofMartinLutherwasthattheBiblewasthesupremeauthorityandmanwasonlyboundtothelawofthewordofGod,notthewordoftheclergy.★BeforetheReformation,veryfewpeopleinEuropereadtheBible.MartinLuther,withhistranslationoftheNewTestamentandlater,thewholeBibleintothevernacularmadetheBibleaccessibletoeveryman,totheaveragechurchgoers.Becauseofthat,MartinLuthercouldclaimthattheaveragemanwasbettereducatedthanmanypriestshadformerlybeen,andwiththatthecontrolthatthePopehadontheGermanmindcouldneverberestored.3.2.3GospelofLoveandIdeasofEquality★DirectcommunicationswithGodmeansthattheabsolutecontroloftheCatholicChurchoverthemindsofthepeoplewasnowlosingground.AsMartinLutherdeclaredthatallbelieverswerepriests,hepreachedthatalloccupationswereholy.★Inspiteofhisdemocraticideas,however,MartinLutherstoutlyopposedthepeasants’war(1524-1525)inGermany,arevolthisownspirithelpedtofoster.★InthehistoryofGermany,MartinLutherwasmorethanareligiousleader,hewasafighterfordemocracyandnationalism,ahumanistwhohelpedbuildacompetenteducationalsystemandawriterwhoseforcefullanguagehelpedfixthestandardsofthemodernGermanlanguage.3.3JohnCalvin(加尔文1509-1564)andCalvinism（加尔文主义）★JohnCalvinwasaFrenchtheologianwhobecameincreasinglyinterestedintherebellionagainsttheconservatismtheologyandthemovementofreformationoftheChurch.HeputhistheologicalthoughtsinhisInstitutesoftheChristianReligion(基督教教义),whichwasconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialworksofalltimes.★CalvinrejectedthepapalauthoritiesanddevotedhimselftotheworkofreformationinGeneva,wherehesethimselfthetaskofconstructingagovernmentbasedonthesubordinationofthestatetothechurch,atypeofgovernmentwhichlatercametobeknownasthePresbyteriangovernment(基督教长老会政府).Calvin’sinfluencewaswidespread,particularlyinEnglandandScotland,andtheNetherlands.★CalvinismstressedtheabsoluteauthorityoftheGod’swill,holdingthatonlythosespeciallyelectedbyGodweresaved.Itsbeliefwasthatanyformofsinfulnesswasalikelysignofdamnationwhereasceaselessworkcouldbeasignofsalvation.ThisbeliefservessowelltohelptherisingbourgeoisieonitspaththatmanyhistorianshavesuggestedthatCalvinismwasoneofthemaincoursesofthecapitalistspirit.3.4ReformationinEngland★InEnglandtherehadbeentheinfluenceofJohnWyclifandthehumanistswhohadtalkedfreelyofchurchreforms.Ontopofthese,therewasthefactthatforfourcenturiesinEngland,therehadbeenstrongoppositiontothePopeinRome.★ThesplitcamewhenHenryVIIIdecidedtoignoretheauthorityofthePopeinhismatrimonialaffairs(婚姻事务).WhenthePoperefusedtorecognizehismarriagewithAnne,BritishParliamentpassedtheActofSupremacy(最高治权法案)in1534,whichmarkedtheformalbreakoftheBritishwiththepapalauthorities.★TheParliamentgaveHenryanActofsuccession,recognizingthelegalityofthedivorceandsecuringtheCrowntoAnne’schildren.Onfinancialmattersitwasmadeclearthatrevenues,insteadofbeingpaidtothePope,wouldbepaidtothecrown.★Aboveall,therewa