欧洲文化入门 ( 九 )

DivisionNineRealismContentsGeneralIntroductionRealisminFranceRealisminRussiaRealisminNorthernEuropeRealisminEnglandRealismintheUnitedStatesArtMusicattheTurnoftheCenturyDefinitionWhatisRealism?InartandliteraturethetermrealismisusedtoidentifyaliterarymovementinEuropeandtheunitedStatesintheLasthalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury.Therealistswantedatruthfulrepresentationintheirworksofcontemporarylifeandmanners.BackgroundTheHistoricalBackgroundTherealistmovementwasgreatlyinfluencedbythedevelopmentofscienceinthe19thcentury.Theageofrealismwastheageofrailway,wirelesstelegraphyandcountlessothermechanicalinventionsthatrevolutionizedthenatureofsocietywithinaveryshortspanoftime.RealisminFranceStendhal(pennameofMarieHenriBeyle,1783-1842)司汤达Works:ArmanceLeRoughetleNoir(TheRedandtheBlack)红与黑,laChartreusedeParme(TheCharterhouseofParma)巴马修道院HonoredeBalzac巴尔扎克(1799-1850)Balzachasbeencalled“theFrenchDickens”.Works:LaComedieHumaine(theHumanComedy)人间喜剧,EugenieGrandet欧也妮·葛朗台,LePereGoriot高老头LaCousineBette贝蒂表妹GustaveFlaubert福楼拜(1821-1880)Flaubertisoneofthegreatliteraryartistofthe19thcentury.Work:MadameBovery包法利夫人EmileZola左拉(1840-1902)Zolawasthefounderofthenaturalistschool.Work:LesRougen-Macquarts罗根.马塔里.GuydeMaupassant莫泊桑(1850-1893)Work:TheNecklace项链,ThePieceofString一条绳子TheUmbrella雨伞RealisminRussia1.NikolaiGogol果戈里(1809-1852)NikolaiGogolwasthefirstmasteroffictioninRussiatoleaveromanticconventionsandgotolifeforhissubjects.Works:DeadSouls死魂灵IvanSergeyevichTurgenev屠格涅夫(1818-1883)TurgenevwasthefirstRussionauthortogainrecognitionintheWest.Works:AHunter’sSketches猎人笔记,ANestofGentlefolk贵族之家,FathersandSons父与子FyodorDostoyevsky陀思妥耶夫斯基(1821-1881)Works:TheHouseofDeath死屋手记,CrimeandPunishment罪与罚,TheBrotherKaramazov卡拉马佐夫兄弟CountLeoTolstoy列夫·托尔斯泰(1828-1910)WithDostoyevsky,TolstoymadetheRussianrealisticnovelaliterarygenrethatranksinimportancewithclassicalGreektragedyandElizabethandrama.AntonPavlovichChekhov契科夫Works:TheSeagull海鸥,UncleVanya万尼亚舅舅,TheThreeSisters三姊妹,TheCherryOrchard樱桃园RealisminNorthernEuropeHenrikIbsen易卜生(1828-1906)Works:ADoll’sHouse玩偶之家,Ghosts群鬼,AnEnemyofthePeople人民公敌TheWildDuck野鸭andHeddaGabler海达高布乐AugustStrindberg奥古斯特·斯特林堡(1849-1912)Works:MasterOlaf奥洛夫老师,TheSonofaServant女仆的儿子RealisminEnglandCharlesDickens狄更斯(1812-1870)Works:PickwickPapers匹克威克外传,ATaleofTwoCities双城记,OliverTwist雾都孤儿,HardTimes艰难时事BleakHouse荒凉山庄,DavidCopperfield大卫科波菲尔2.GeorgeEliot乔治·艾略特(pennameofMaryAnnEvans1819-1880)Works:Middlemarch米德尔马契,TheMillontheFloss弗洛斯河上的磨坊WilliamMakepeaceThackeray萨克雷(1811-1863)Work:VanityFair名利场ThomasHardy哈代Works:FarfromtheMaddingCrowd远离尘嚣,TheReturnoftheNative还乡,TheMayerofCasterbridge卡斯特桥市长,Tessofthed’Urberyvilles德伯家的苔丝JudetheObscure无名的裘德GeorgeBernardShaw萧伯纳(1856-1950)ShawwontheNobelPrizein1925.Works:HeartbreakHouse伤心之家,St.Joan圣女贞德,TheAppleCart苹果车MajorBarbara芭芭拉少校Pygmalion卖花女RealismintheUnitedStatesHarrietBeecherStowe比彻·斯托夫人(1811-1896)Work:UncleTom’sCabin汤姆叔叔的小屋WaltWhiteman惠特曼(1819-1892)ConsideredbymanytobethegreatestofallAmericanpoets,Whitmancelebratedthefreedomanddignityoftheindividualandsangthepraisesofdemocracyandthebrotherhoodofman.Works:LeavesofGrass草叶集WhenLilacsLastintheDooryardBloom’d当丁香花最后在庭院开放的时候.MarkTwain马克·吐温(pennameofSamuelLanghorneClemens1835-1910)Works：TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCaravrasCountry卡拉维拉斯郡著名的跳蛙TheAdventuresofHckberryFinn哈克贝利分历险记,TheGildedAge镀金时代,TheAdventuresofTomSawyer汤姆索菲亚历险记,ThePrinceandthePauper王子与穷人HenryJames亨利·詹姆斯(1843-1916)Works:ThePortraitofLady贵妇画像,ThePassionatePilgrimandOtherStories,DaisyMiller黛西米勒,TheGoldenBowl金碗ArtRealisminArtGustaveCourbet居斯塔夫·库尔贝(1819-1877)works:TheStonebreakers,BurialatOrnansb.Jean-FrancoisMillet让·弗朗索瓦·米勒(1814-1875)Hisworksgenerallydepictoneortwopeasantfiguresquietlyengagedinearthlyordomestictoil.Works:TheSower,GleanersImpressionisminArtGenerallyspeaking,theimpressionistsaimedatcapturingthefleetingimageofascenetakeninbytheeyeinreallifeandrecreatingthetransitoryexperiencewithbrushstrokeswhichareeventuallytransformedintoawebofinfinitelyvaried,tinyunitsthatdissolvesoliedobjectsintoadense,coloredatmosphere.a.EdouardManet爱杜尔·马奈(1832-1883)Manetwasregardedastheleaderoftheimpressionistmovement.Works:leDejeunersurL’herbe,FoliersBergersb.ClaudeMonet克劳德·莫奈(1840-1926)c.CamillePissarro卡米耶·毕沙罗(1830-1903)Work:ThePlaceduTheatreFrancaisd.PierreAgusteRenoir皮埃尔-奥古斯特·雷诺阿Work:MoulindelaGalettee.HilaireGermainEdgarDegas埃德加·德加(1834-1917)Works:CaféConcert,TheGlassofAbsinthe,BallerinaonthestagePost-Impressionisma.PaulCezanne保罗·塞尚(1839-1906)Cezannecreatedanewworldofformsoutofnaturalobjects,evendistortingappearanceandreducingobjectstogeometricalpatternsinordertomakeacoherentwholeinhispictures.Works:TheBoyinRedVest,ruitBowl,GlassandApplesb.VincentvanGogh梵高(1853-1890)HeisaDutchimpressionistpainter,whostressestheexpressionofhissubjectiveemotioninhispaintings.Works:StarryNight,Sunflower,TheNightCaféc.PaulGauguin保罗高更(1848-1903)Works:LaOranaMaria,VisionaftertheSermonSculptureWorks