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AustraliaTheCommonwealthofAustraliaThenameAustraliaderivedfromtheLatinaustralis,meaningsouthern.Sincetheearly20thcentury,thecountryhasbeenreferredtoasAussieiscommoncolloquially,asanadjectiveandanounreferringtoanAustralian.Geography一.GEOGRAPHY1.Locationandsizeolocation:itstretchfrom10to44southoflatitudeand113eastto154eastoflongitude.ItissurroundedbytheTasman[tæzmən]Sea(塔斯曼海(在澳大利亚和新西兰之间))andthePacificOceantotheeast,bytheIndianOceantothewest,bytheCoralSea(珊瑚海),theArafuraSea(阿拉弗拉海)andTimorSea(帝汶海)tothenorth,andtheSouthernIndianOceanandtheGreatAustralianBight(澳大利亚海湾)tothesouth.thehighestpoint:MountKosciusko(科西阿斯克山峰)_(2,225metershigh)Area:-----7.7millionsquarekilometers-----Theworld'ssmallestcontinentandsixthlargestcountrybytotalarea,Australia–owingtoitssizeandisolationisoftendubbedthe'islandcontinentandvariablyconsideredtheworld'slargestisland.----Australiahas34,218kilometersofcoastline(excludingalloffshoreislands)2.Geographicregions---TheEasternhighlands---TheCentral-Easternlowlands---TheWesternPlateau---theoutbackusuallyrefertotheinteriorandthecenteroftheWesternPlateauanditsnorthernplains,---theRedCenteranareawithred-brownandtansoilsintheheartofthecountry.theGreatWesternPlateau:avastuplandmadeofancientrock;alandratherflatandabout300metersabovesealevel,theinterioroftheplateaumadeupoftheGreatSandyDesert,theGibsonDesert,theGreatVictoriaDesertandtheNullarborPlai-----theEasternHighlands:-----theGreatDivingRange***theAustralianAlps,thehighestplateauinAustralia;***MountKosciusko,thehighestpeakinAustralia,***ThelongestriverinAustralia:theMurray(2,520km),formthemajorpartoftheboundarybetweenthestatesofNewSouthWalesandVictoriabeforeitenterstheseainSouthAustralia.-----thecentralLowlands:LakyEyreregardedasAustralia'slargestlake.3.Climate---factorsthataffectAustralia'sclimate(1)ahotcontinent(2)adrycontinent(3)causesofthehotanddryclimate:----latitude:mostofAustralialiesbetween20to35south;----Australiahasfewmountains;----theairmassesthataffectAustraliaformostoftheyeararedry，sunnyandhighpressurecells.----distancefromtheoceanalsoaffectstheweather.----effectsofthehotanddryclimate：agreateffectonvegetation.---ItclaimsanextensiveExclusiveEconomicZoneof8,148,250squarekilometers(3,146,060sqmi).ThisexclusiveeconomiczonedoesnotincludetheAustralianAntarcticTerritory---Itisinfluencedbyoceancurrents,includingtheIndiaOceanDipoleandtheSouthernOscillation4.Majorcities---CanberraSydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,Perth,Adelaide,Darwin二.HISTORY1.Itisestimatedtohavebegunbetween42,000and48,000yearsago--ItisbeginwiththearrivaloftheAborigines--threeregionsa.Northerncoastb.Thesoutheastc.Tasmania2.DiscoveryandExploration--theDutchcharteredthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastlines,namedHolland,during17thcentury3.EuropeanSettlementLate18thandearly19thcenturiesTheIndustrialRevolutiontransformedthecountryfromalargelyruralsocietytoatown-centered.-----Therapidpopulationgrowth------Therisingcrimerate------Thecolonies’establishThefirstrecordedEuropeansightingoftheAustralianmainlandandthefirstrecordedEuropeanlandfallontheAustraliancontinentwereattributedtotheDutchnavigatorWillemJanzoonwhosightedthecoastofCapeYorkPeninsulaonanunknowndateinearly1606.On26February1606,hemadelandfallatthePennefatherRiveronthewesternshoreofCapeYork,nearthemoderntownofWeip0061Duringthe17thcentury,theDutchchartedthewholeofthewesternandnortherncoastlinesofNewHolland,butmadenoattemptatsettlement.In1770,JamesCooksailedalongandmappedtheeastcoastofAustralia,whichhenamedNewSouthWalesandclaimedforGreatBritainCook'sdiscoveriespreparedthewayforestablishmentofanewpenalcolony.TheBritishCrownColonyofNewSouthWaleswasformedon26January1788,whenCaptainArthurPhillipledtheFirstFleettoPortJackson.ThisdatebecameAustralia'snationalday,AustraliaDayVanDiemen’sLandnowknownasTasmania,wassettledin1803andbecameaseparatecolonyin1825.TheUnitedKingdomformallyclaimedthewesternpartofAustraliain1828ThecompositionofAustralia‘spopulation(a)Aboriginals（andTorresIslanderpeople(b)Immigrantsandtheirdescendents；(c)influenceofBritain:manyaspectssuchastheirlanguage,systemofgovernment,theAustralianflag,legalsystem,sports,familyandplacenamesandevenschoolsystem(includingschooluniforms)(d)populationdistribution:oneofthemosturbanizedcountriesintheworld(80%liveinsuburbsofcoastalcitiesandtowns,withmostoftheseinthenarrowcoastalstripbetweenBrisbaneandAdelaide(e)Themainreason:anenvironmentalreason;4.colonizationa.ItistraditionallybelievedthattheBritishcolonizationofAustraliaisthe18thcenturywasbecausetheBritishgovernmentwantedtotransportconvictsthere.b.Inthe1850sbecameaperiodofgreateconomicexpansioninAustraliaduetogoldrush.5.TheroadTowardFederationOnJanuary1,1901,thecommonwealthofAustriacameintobeing.AfederalgovernmentwasformedtogovernallAustria.6.Austriainthe20thCenturya.InWorldWar1,AustriafollowedBritish'sLeadanddeclaredwaronGermany.b.theAustria-NewZealandforcecalledtheAnzacsfoughtmanybattlesandby1916,AnzacDaywasbeingcelebrated,whichremainsAustria'smostimportantholiday.c.therewasoptimismandeconomicgrowthinthe1920s,butinn1929,Austriawasalsoin