Freud_civilization_and_its_discontents_presentatio

CivilizationandItsDiscontentsSigmundFreud1856.5.6－1939.9.23BackgroundofthebookFinishedin1929,withtwoyears’devotion.Oneofhismostimportantpiecesinhislastyears.Questionsaboutcivilization,aboutitsrootsinandeffectsonhumanpsychology.Immediatesuccess:sellingtwelvethousandcopiesthefirstyear.Andremainedsuccessfulovertheyears.Whatdoesthisbooktalkabout?Onceamemoryhasbeenrecorded,itisnevererased,andcanbecalledtothesurfaceundertherightcircumstances.Itispossibletotracebackouroriginalhumenlivingconditionandsociety.Todiscoveranddiscusstheoriginanddevelopmentofourculture.Chapter1Whatdoesthisbooktalkabout?Ifit’sourcivilizationbringussomuchsuffers,whynotbacktoouroriginalsocietythuswemaybemuchhappier?Togainhappiness——ThePleasurePrincepleWhyarethesepeopleagainstcivilization?Whatiscivilization?Whatdoourcivilizationask?Whatdidourcivilizationdo?life’sgoalSufferDoubtChapter2ErosandtheDeathDriveTheIndividualandCivilizationConscienceandtheSuper-EgoThePrimalFatherandhisPsychologicalHeritageCritiqueofOrganizedReligionAgressionChapter3-8MajorThemesWhatdoesthisbooktalkabout?Humanbeings’Aggression——thebiggestobstacletocivilizationContentsChoiceandDiscontent1PainandIt’sPalliativeMeasures2Religion’spsychologicalfunction3Doyoutrytofindpathstoattainyourdesire?Actuallybynoneofpathscanweattainallthatwedesire.Everyonehashisownlifestyle.1.Themanwhoispredominantlyeroticwillgivefirstpreferencetohisemotionalrelationshipstootherpeople.2.Thenarcissisticmanwhoinclinestobeself-sufficient,willseekhismainsatisfactionsinhisinternalmentalprocesses3.Themanofactionwillnevergiveuptheexternalworldonwhichhecantryouthisstrength.Thereisnogoldenrulewhichappliestoeveryone.Wearedifferent.Everymanmustfindoutforhimselfinwhatparticularfashionhecanbesaved.Allkindsofdifferentfactorswilloperatetodirectourchoice.Anychoice(thatispushedtoanextreme)willbepenalizedbyexposingtheindividualtothedangers(whicharise)ifatechniqueofliving(thathasbeenchosenasanexclusiveone)shouldproveinadequate.Justasacautiousbusiness-manavoidstyingupallhiscapitalinoneconcern,so,perhapsworldlywisdomwilladviseusnottolookforthewholeofoursatisfactionfromasingleaspiration.Itisaquestionofhowmuchrealsatisfactionhecanexpecttogetfromtheexternalworld.howfarheisledtomakehimselfindependentofitand,finally,howmuchstrengthhefeelshehasforalteringtheworldtosuithiswishes.Thedistancebetweentheexternalworldandhisexpectationsleadstodiscontent.Aperson(whoisbornwithanespeciallyunfavorableinstinctualconstitution,andwhohasnotproperlyundergonethetransformationandrearrangementofhislibidinalcomponents(whichisindispensableforlaterachievements))willfindithardtoobtainhappinessfromhisexternalsituation,especiallyifheisfacedwithtasksofsomedifficulty.ThisendeavouraimsatPainandIt’sPalliativeMeasuresWhat’sthepurposeofyourlife?Westriveafterhappiness.AnabsenceofpainandunpleasureTheexperiencingofstrongfeelingsofpleasurewearethreatenedwithsufferingfrom3directionsfromourownbodyfromtheexternalworldfromourrelationstoothermenLife，aswefindit,istoohardforus.Ourbodyisdoomedtodecayanddissolution.Painandanxiety=warningsignalsTheexternalworldmayrageagainstuswithoverwhelmingandmercilessforcesofdestruction.Morepainfultousthananyother.PowerfuldeflectionsSubstitutivesatisfactionsItwilldiminishthepainIntoxicatingsubstancesItwillmakeusinsensitivetothepainItwillcauseustomakelightofourmiseryThereareperhaps3palliativemeasures.Cultivateone'sgardenDisplacementoflibidoOnegainsthemostifonecansufficientlyheightentheyieldofpleasurefromthesourcesofpsychicalandintellectualwork.ManiaWiththehelpofthis'drownerofcares'onecanatanytimewithdrawfromthepressureofrealityandfindrefugeinaworldofone'sownwithbetterconditionsofsensibility.DangerousandInjuriousRealityisthesoleenemy.Re-createtheworld.Anotherprocedureoperatesmoreenergeticallyandmorethoroughly.Onemustbreakoffallrelationswithitifoneistobeinanywayhappy.Aspecialimportanceattachestothecaseinwhichthisattempttoprocureacertaintyofhappinessandaprotectionagainstsufferingthroughadelusionalremouldingofrealityismadebyaconsiderablenumberofpeopleincommon.Thereligionsofmankindmustbeclassedamongthemass-delusionsofthiskind.Religion’spsychologicalfunctionDefinitionReligiousideasThepsychicaloriginofreligiousideasReligion’spsychologicalfunctionReligiousideasareteachingsandassertionsaboutfactsandconditionsofexternal(orinternal)realitywhichtellonesomethingonehasnotdiscoveredofoneselfandwhichlayclaimtoone’sbelief.(1927,Ⅴ,31)DefinitionReligion’spsychologicalfunctionTheoriginofreligiousideasarenotprecipitatesofexperienceorend-resultsofthinking;theyareILLUSIONS.(1927,Ⅴ,38)IllusionUnrealizableRealizableWishesIllusionUnrealizableWishesIllusionUnrealizableRealizableWishesIllusionUnrealizableWishesDelusionUnrealizableContradicttorealityThepsychicaloriginofreligiousideasThewerealreadybelievedbyourprimalancestorsPossessproofswhichhavebeenhandeddowntousfromthosesameprimaevaltimes.Itsforbiddentoraisethequestionoftheirauthenticationatall.Reasons(1927,Ⅴ,33)Whydoestheseteachingsdeservetobebelieved?Religion’spsychologicalfunctiononseeki