定语从句

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1高中语法——定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词,用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句,所以,也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。提示:关系词在定语从句中有三大作用1.连接作用——连接先行词和定语从句。IgaveherallthemoneythatIhad.我把我所有的钱都给了她。(that连接先特词money和定语从句Ihad)2.替代作用——在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。Themanwholivesnestdoorisafamousteacher.住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。(who替代theman)3.成分作用——在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。IlikepictureswhicharepaintedinthetraditionalChinesestyle.我喜欢传统的中国画。(which在定语从句中作主语)定语从句的引导词:关系代词(6)whowhomwhichthatwhoseas关系副词(3)when(时间状语)where(地点状语)why(原因状语)关系词分类:①指人还是物只指人whowhom只指物which(whenwherewhy)指人和物thatwhoseas②做成分主语who宾语whomwho(口语中)主语和宾语whichthatas定语whose状语whenwherewhy2③代替先行词还是整个主句只代替先行词whowhomthatwhosewhenwherewhy代替先行词和代替整个句子whichas④关系代词和先行词的关系。等于先行词whowhomwhichthatas等于先行词’swhose等于介词+先行词whenwherewhy⑤引导限制性/非限制性定语从句只引导限制定语从句thatwhy引导限制性/非限制性定语从句whowhomwhichwhoseaswhenwhere(Thatwhy不能引导非限制性定语从句)一、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词有who,whom,which,that,whose,as。它们分别代替前面的先行词,并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。A.Who指人,在定语从句中作主语。Whatwasthenameofthemanwholentyouthemoney?借钱给你的那人叫什么名字?(定语从句修饰先行词theman)Thechairmanofthemeeting,whospokefirst,satonmyright.会议主席坐在我右边,他先发言。(定语从句修饰先行词thechairman)只用who而不用that1.先行词是one,someone,anyone,those等指人时:Onewhohasnothingtofearforhimselfdarestotellthetruth.一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。Anyonewhobreaksthelawshallbepublished.任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。Thosewhoareagainsttheplanputupyourhandsplease.凡是反对这项计划的人,请举手。2.在非限制定语从句中指人时:Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.3他妈妈十分地爱他,对他要求很严格。3.在there/herebe开头的句子中。Hereisaboywhowantstoseeyou.有个男孩想见你。B.Whom指人,在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中,whom可省略或可用who来代替,Therearesomepeoplewhom/whowelikeandotherswhom/whowedislike.有些人我们是喜欢的,有些人则是我们讨厌的。(定语从句分别修饰先行词people,others)Thepeoplewhom/whoIworkwithareallfriendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。(定语从句修饰先行词thepeople)但是在下列情况下,只用whom不用that1.在介词+关系代词结构中指人时只能用whom。不能用who或thatMr.Carter,towhomIspokeonthephonelastnight,isveryinterestedinourplan.2.非限制性定语从句中指人做宾语时只能用whom。不能用who或thatMr.Carter,whomIspoketoonthephone,lastnight,isveryinterestedinourplan.昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过,他对我们的计划很感兴趣。C.Which1.指物,代替先行词,在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。Englishisalanguagewhichiseasytolearn.英语是一门容易学的语言。(which在定语从句中作主语,不能省略)Thechildrenlikecookies(which)mywifemakes.孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语,可以省略)2.在非限制性定语从句中Which可以代替前面的整个主句,相当于andthis。Jimpassedhisdrivingtest,whichsurprisedeverybody.吉姆通过了驾驶考试,这使大家都感到惊讶。(定语从句修饰的是整个主句,而不是thedrivingtest)Sheilacouldn'tcometotheparty,whichwasapity.4希拉不能来参加聚会,真遗憾。(定语从句修饰的是整个主句,而不是theparty)在下列情况下,只用which不用that1.在介词+关系代词结构中指物时只能用which,不能用that。Heclimbeduptothetopofalargerock,fromwhichhegotagoodview.他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上,从那里他看到很好的景色。(也可用fromwhere)2.在非限制性定语从句中指物时只能用which,不能用that。Theweatherwasveryterrible,whichwehadn'texpected.天气非常糟糕,这我们没有料到。D.That指人时,相当于who或whom;指物时,相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语(做宾语时常可省略)。Heisthemanthatlivesnextdoor.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。(定语从句修饰先行词theman,作主语)Idon'tlikestoriesthathaveunhappyendings.我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。(定语从句修饰先行词stories,作主语)Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou?有我能为你效劳的事吗?(定语从句修饰先行词anything,that作宾语,可省略)只用that的情况(常指用that而不用which的情况)1.当先行词为everything,anything,nothing,all,none,few,little等词时,或当先行词被every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等词修饰时。Everythingthattheysaidwastrue.他所说的一切都是真的。Heisdeadandthere'snothingthatcanbedone.他死了,再也没有什么办法了。Therewaslittlethatwecoulddotohelpher.我们没有什么能帮助她的。提示:something后面可用which引导定语从句。Thereissomething(which/that)I'dliketotellyou.有些事我想告诉你。2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。Thefirstplace(that)theyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。Shewasprobablythehardestworkingstudent(that)Ihaveevertaught.5她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。3.当先行词被thevery(形容词“恰恰是,正是”),theonly修饰时。Thisistheverygrammarbook(that)Iwanttobuy.这正是我要买的语法书。Beautyistheonlything(that)Emilycanbeproudof.美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。4.当先行词为人与事物或动物时。Thedriverandhiscarthatfellintotheriverhavenotyetbeendiscovered.掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。Theboyandhisdogthatwerebelievedtobelostinthewoodwererescuedthismorning.被认为在森林里迷路的孩子与狗,今天早上已经获救了。5.当先行词为who或前面有who,which等疑问代词时。Whothathascommonsensewillbelievesuchnonsense?有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情?Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate?站在门口的那个人是谁?WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?哪件T恤衫最合我的身?6.先行词在定语从句中做表语时。Sheisnolongerthesweetgirl(that)sheusedtobe.她再也不是过去那个甜美的女孩了。Heisnottheman(that)heseems.他这人不貌相。E.Whose人、物皆可,做定语,后面要紧跟被修饰的名词,先行词和后面的名词之间往往是从属关系。Therearesomepeoplewhosefacesyoucanneverforget.有些人,他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。(定语从句修饰先行词people)Isawsometreeswhoseleaveswereblackbecauseofthepollutedair.我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。(定语从句修饰行词trees)F.Asas可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。6①在限制性定语从句中,as跟在由such,so,thesame修饰的先行词之后,代替先行词在从句中做成分。Suchmenasheardhimweredeeplymoved.听过他说话的人,都会深受感动。(as在定语从句中作heard的主语)I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。(as在定语从句中作tell的宾语)Heliftedsoheavyastoneasnooneelsecanlift.他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。(as在定语从句中lift的宾语)比较:在thesameas结构中,as也可用that代替。但严格地说,thesameas强调相同,thesamethat注重同一。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。(as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。(that指的是与先行词同一事物)②在非限制性定语从句中,as可代表主句整个句子,引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后,一般用逗号与主句分开。Aseveryoneknows,TaiwanbelongstoChina.众所周知,台湾属于中国的领土。Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.他是南方人,这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。必背:一些由as引导的非限制性定语从句常位于句首,已形成了固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