定语从句

定语从句定语从句(Ⅰ)一、概念1．定语从句：在复合句中作定语修饰主句中某一名词或代词或整个主句的从句叫定语从句。2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词分为关系代词(that，which，who，whom，whose，as等)和关系副词(when，where，why等)两类。关系词通常有三个作用：(1)连接主从句；(2)指代先行词；(3)在定语从句中充当一个句子成分。Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.上面例句中的黑体部分即为定语从句，其前面的名词machine是被定语从句修饰的词，叫做先行词，that是引导定语从句的词，叫做关系代词。二、关系代词的基本用法关系代词用法例句That既可指人也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。①Thisisthefactorythatproducescars.(作主语，指物)②Thegirlthatspoketomejustnowismyclassmate.(作主语，指人)③Thefilm(that)wesawyesterdayisinteresting.(作宾语，指物)Which指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。①Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.(作主语)②Thecar(which)myunclehadjustboughtwasdestroyedintheearthquake.(作宾语)关系代词用法例句who指人，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时常可省略。①Iknowthemanwhospoketoyoujustnow.(作主语)②Sheisnotthegirlwhoshewas.(作表语)whom指人，who的宾格，在定语从句中作宾语，常可省略，在口语中可用who或that代替。①Hereistheman(whom)youarelookingfor.②Thewoman(whom)yousawjustnowisourEnglishteacher.关系代词用法例句whose可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指人时，相当于ofwhom；指物时，相当于ofwhich。①Thisisthescientistwhosenameisknownallovertheworld.(指人)②Theroomwhosewindowsfaceeastismine.(指物)＝Theroomthewindowsofwhichfaceeastismine.三、只用that不用which引导定语从句的情况用法例句1.先行词为不定代词时，如all，much，little，everything，something，anything，nothing，none，noone等。①Ihavesaidall(that)Iwanttosay.②Isthereanything(that)Icandoforyou？2.先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰或本身就是最高级、序数词时。①Thisisthebestfilmthathasbeenshowninthecity.②We'llneverforgetthefirstlesson(that)ourEnglishteachergaveus.用法例句3.先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,just,all,every,no,little,few,any等修饰时。①Thisistheverybook(that)Iwanttobuy.②Thereislittlework(that)youcando.③Theonlything(that)Icandoistohavearest.4.先行词既有人又有物时。Theytalkedaboutthemenandthethingsthattheysaw.用法例句5.当主句是以which或who开头的疑问句时。①Whichisthehotelthathestayedatlastnight？②Whoisthemanthatisreadingoverthere？6.先行词作主句的表语时。Chinaisn'tthecountry(that)itusedtobe.7.主句是therebe结构时，修饰其主语的定语从句用that引导。Thereisatableinthecornerthatisfoldedaway.四、只用which不用that引导定语从句的情况用法例句1.当关系代词前有介词时。Thisisthehouseinwhichheoncelived.2.引导非限制性定语从句时。Football,whichisaveryinterestinggame，isplayedallovertheworld.3.一个句子中有两个定语从句时，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个宜用which。HeboughtanAmericanmagazinethatcouldgivehimsomuchEnglishknowledgeandwhichcouldhelphimtokilltime.4.当先行词本身是that时。Theclockisthatwhichtellsthetime.[注意]1.关系代词在从句中作主语时，根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。①HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoknowsFrench.(theonlyone为先行词)②HeisoneofthestudentswhoknowFrench.(students为先行词)2．关系代词的省略：在限制性定语从句中，关系代词作动词宾语或介词宾语(这时介词不能在关系代词前)时常可省略。Theboy(that/who/whom)wesawlastnightwasLiMing.3．定语从句中的常见错误：(1)缺先行词：Isthisschoolthatyouvisitedlastyear？(该句缺先行词，应在“school”后面加上“theone”。)(2)缺引导词：Childreneatalotofsugaroftenhavebadteeth.(应在“children”后面加上“who”，关系代词作主语时不能省略。)(3)成分重复：ThisisthehousewhereIlivedthereyearsago.(“where”和“there”句子成分重复，应去掉“there”。)[实战演练]Ⅰ.用关系代词填空1．Idon'tknowtheboy________issittingbesideyou.2．Pleasegivebackmybook__________Ilenttoyoulastweek.3．Thereusedtobeatimeduring______theChinesepeoplestruggledforfreedom.4．Doyouknowthegirl______motherisanEnglishteacher?5．ThisisthebestTVplay_____I'veeverwatched.6．Istillrememberthepeopleandthethings_____Imetinmyhometown.7．Weshoulddoeverything_____weshoulddo.8．Thebeautifulgirl_______________weoftentalkaboutisLiPing'ssister.who/thatthat/whichwhichwhosethatthatthatthat/who/whomⅡ.用定语从句完成句子1．幸福和成功往往降临到那些善于意识到自己优点的人的身上。Happinessandsuccessoftencometothose.2．我不喜欢以悲剧结尾的故事。Idon'tlikestories.3．这正是我想为旅行寻找的那本书。Itistheverybookformytrip.4．奖品将颁发给其故事最具有想象力的那位作家。Theprizewillgotothewriter.whoaregoodatrecognizingtheirownstrengthswhich/thathaveunhappyendingsthatIwanttofindwhosestoryshowsthemostimagination5．他告诉我们使他感兴趣的那些故事和作家。Hetoldusthestoriesandthewriters.6．还有其他学生想参观五台山吗？IsthereanyotherstudentWutaiMountain?7．唯一容易学会的语言是母语。Theonlylanguageisthemothertongue.8．这是昨天许多学生参观过的工厂吗？Isthisthefactoryyesterday?thatinterestedhimwhowantstovisitthatiseasytolearnwhichalotofstudentsvisited定语从句(Ⅱ)一、关系副词when/where/why/that引导的定语从句1．当定语从句所修饰的先行词在定语从句中逻辑上用作状语(地点、时间、原因、方式)时，应使用关系副词或“介词＋which”引导定语从句。不同情况所使用的关系副词列表如下：指代关系副词例句时间when(＝in/at/onwhich)I'llneverforgetthedaywhen(＝onwhich)heleft.我永远忘不了他离开的那一天。Hecameatatimewhen(＝atwhich)weneededhelp.他在我们需要(人)帮忙的时候来到了。地点where(＝in/atwhich)Shanghaiistheplacewhereshewasborn.上海是她的出生地。Adesertisagreatplainwhere(＝inwhich)nothingwillgrow.沙漠是不能生长任何东西的广大平原。原因why(＝forhich)Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedhistrain.他迟到的原因是错过了火车。Thereasonwhy(＝forwhich)wedon'ttrusthimisthatheoftenlies.我们不信任他的原因是他经常说谎。2．关系副词和关系代词的判断方法关系副词和关系代词是根据先行词在定语从句中作的成分而选择的。若是作状语，则用关系副词或“介词＋关系代词”；若是作主语或宾语，则用关系代词。I'llneverforgetthedays(that/which)Ispentwithmyteacher.我永远也忘不了我同老师一起度过的日子。I'llneverforgetthedayswhenIplayedwithyou.我决不会忘记和你一起玩耍的日子。Thefactory(that/which)wevisitedyesterdaywasbuiltlastyear.昨天我们参观的工厂是去年建成的。Thefactorywhereheworkswasbuiltlastyear.他工作的那家工厂是去年建成的。Thisisthereason(that/which)shegavemefordoingit.这是她讲给我做这件事的理由。Doyouknowthereasonwhyhecamelate?你知道他迟到的原因吗？二、“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句1．“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰物时用which而不用that，修饰人时用whom而不用who。Thisistheroominwhichwelivedlastyear.这就是去年我们住过的房间。PleasetellmefromwhomyouborrowedtheEnglishnovel.请告诉我你从谁那儿借的这本英文小说。2．有些“动词＋介词”短语如果分开会失去原有的意义，此时介词不能提前。Isthisthebookwhichshewaslookin