新外研版八年级下册英语语法-现在完成时IWarm-up选择题。()1.Heoften______hisclothesonSundays.A.washingB.washesC.haswashedD.wash()2.Nextmonth______twentyfive.A.hasmysisterB.mysisterwillbeC.mysistershallhave()3.Wewillstartassoonasourteacher______.A.comesB.willcomeC.comeD.iscoming()4.LastweekJohn______hisleg.A.feltandbrokenB.fellandbrokeC.feelsandbreaksD.fallenandbroken()5.It______hardwhenIleftmyhouse.A.israiningB.rainsC.wasrainingD.willrainIIGrammar现在完成时(一)构成:1.肯定句主语(第一、二人称,第三人称复数)+have+过去分词+其他主语(第三人称单数)+has+过去分词+其他如:IhavebeentoBeijing.2.否定句3.主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他如:Hehasn’tfinishedhishomeworkyet.4.一般疑问句Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他?如:Hastheletterarrivedyet?5.特殊疑问句特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词+其他?如:Wherehaveyoubeento?(二)用法:1.现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。(汉语中常用“已经”、“过”、“了”等表达)通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just,already,before,yet,never,ever等状语连用。例如:同步练习(1)①Ihave_______________________thatbefore.(我从来没有听说过那回事)②Haveyou_____________________?(你曾经骑过马吗?)③She________________________themathexercises.(他已经完成了数学作业)④I__________________________book..(我刚刚丢了历史书)2.现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示延续的时间状语连用。如for、since等引导的时间状语。(注意:句中谓语动词要用延续性动词)一段时间的表达方法有两种:for:+一段时间forayear,fortwoweeks,forthreeyears过去的某一时刻:sinceninehoursago,sincelastweek,since1990since一般过去时态的时间状语从句:sinceyoucame,sinceyougothome注意:for和since所引导的时间状语都表示一段时间.Hehasbeenawaysincelastweek.Hehasbeenawayforoneweek.对划线部分提问都用Howlong同步练习(2)用since和for填空1.Ihavehadthiscarayear.2.Theshophasbeenclosedlastweek.3.—HowlonghaveyoustudiedChinese?twoyearsago.4.Wehaven’tseeneachothershewentbacktohercountry.重难点★hhaavveebbeeeenn((ttoo))和和hhaavveeggoonnee((ttoo))的的区区别别::★have/hasbeen(to)表示“曾经到过某地”,说话时此人不在那里,已经回来。侧重指经历。★have/hasgone(to)表示某人“已经去某地了”,说话时此人可能在路上或已到那里,反正不在这里。试试比比较较::HehasbeentoBeijing.他曾去过北京。(人已回来,可能在说话人的地方)HehasgonetoBeijing.他已经去北京了。(人去了,不在说话人的地方)ExercisesI:用gone或been填空。1.IamsorryI'mlate,everyone.I've_____tothedentist's.2.There'snobodyathome.Ithinkthey've___________awayfortheweekend.3.Youlookverybrown.Wherehaveyou___________onholiday?4.Simonisn'thereatthemoment.He's____________toafootballmatch.5.—Haveyouever____________toScotland?—Yes,I've________________therequiteafewtimes.一般过去时与现在完成时之比较:1)一般过去时:表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作,与现在无关;现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作,它不与表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday,lastweek,amomentago,justnow)连用.⑴be结构:肯定式:主语+was\were+其他否定式:主语+was\were+not+其他一般疑问句:Was\Were+主语+其他⑵V结构:肯定式:主语+v.过去式+其他否定式:主语+didn’t+v.原形+其他一般疑问句:Did+主语+v.原形+其他2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。◎一般过去时的时间状语有:yesterday,lastweek,…ago,in1980,,justnow,thismorning等具体的时间状语。◎现在完成时的时间状语有:for,since,ever,never,just,already,yet,inpastyears等不确定的时间状语。请大家认真分析、比较下列各例句:Isawthisfilmyesterday.(只说明动作发生在过去。)Ihaveseenthisfilm.(强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了。)ShehasreturnedfromParis.(她已从巴黎回来了。)Shereturnedyesterday.(她是昨天回来的。)HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.(在团内的状态可延续)HejoinedtheLeaguethreeyearsago.(三年前入团,joined为短暂行为。)注意:句子中如有一般过去时的时间副词(如yesterday,lastweek,in1960)时,不能使用现在完成时,要用一般过去时。例如:Tomhaswrittenalettertohisparentslastnight.(Ⅹ)Tomwrotealettertohisparentslastnight.(√)判断:Whendidyouloseit?()Whenhaveyoulostit?()ExercisesII:用括号内单词的现在完成时或一般过去时形式完成句子1.Myfriendisawriter.He(write)manybooks.2.We(not/have)aholidaylastyear.3.I(play)tabletennisyesterdayafternoon.4.Whattime(you/go)tobedlastnight?5.(you/ever/meet)afamousperson?6.Theweather(not/be)verygoodyesterday.7.Myhairiswet.I(just/wash)it.8.I(wash)myhairbeforebreakfastthismorning.9.Kathytravelsalot.She(visit)manycountries.10.—IsSoniahere?—No,she(not/come)yet.Maryhaswateredtheflowersjustnow.()Marywateredtheflowersjustnow.()Maryhasjustwateredtheflowers.()(三)现在完成时与瞬间动作:瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时,但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如可说“Hehasleft.”但不能说“Hehasleftforthreeyears.”如果要表达“他已走了三年了”可用以下几种表达法:1.)用ago,使用一般过去时。Heleftherethreeyearsago.2.)用“Itis+一段时间+since+一般过去时从句”Itisthreeyearssincehelefthere.3.)用“一段时间+have/haspassed+since+一般过去时从句”Threeyearshavepassedsincehelefthere.以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。另外,还可用其它表示方法,但只适用于部分瞬间动词。具体办法是将瞬间动词转化为表延续的动词或者表状态的be+名词/形容词或副词/介词短语等。1.直接转化成延续性动词buy→havecatch(get)acold→haveacoldborrow→keepbecome→be2.转换成be+名词jointhearmybeasoldierjointhePartybeaPartymember/beamemberofthePartygotoschoolbeastudent3转换成be+形容词或副词die→bedeadfinish→beoverbegin→beonleave→beawayfallsleep→beasleepclose→beclosedopen→beopencome→beherego→betheremarry→bemarried4.转换成be+介词短语gotoschool→beinschooljointhearmy→beinthearmy一般过去时态和现在完成时态可以构成同义句①.我们买这本书三年了.Wehavehadthebookforthreeyears./Weboughtthebookthreeyearsago.②他感冒三天了.Hehashadacoldforthreedays./Hecaughtacoldthreedaysago.③自从上星期以来,我就借了这本书.Iborrowedthebooklastweek./Ihavekeptthebooksincelastweek.④我成为一个学生两年多了.Ihavebeenastudentforovertwoyears./Ibecameastudenttwoyearsago.⑤MrBlack死了三年了。MrBlackhasbeendeadforthreeyears./MrBlackdiedthreeyearsago.⑥小明参军半年了。XiaoMinghasbeenasoldierforhalfayear./XiaoMingjoinedthearmyhalfayearago.ExercisesIII:完成句子:按照下列各题的汉语意思用英语按成句子,把答案写在横线上,词数不限。1.她离开北京三个月了。SheBeijingforthreemonths.2.电影开始半小时了。Thefilmforhalfanhour.3.从四岁时我们已相互认识了。Wehaveknowneachother.4.自从他回来,我和他相处得很好。sincehecameback.5.你教他们英语多长时间?Howlong?IIIExercises考点一:考查基本概念Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey______what'shappenedtohim.A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.willknow考点二