9 英国文化之英国经济 Microsoft PowerPoint 演示文稿

ChapterNineeconomyoftheUnitedKingdomⅠRecenteconomicgrowthⅡprimaryindustriesⅢsecondaryindustriesⅣtertiaryindustriesⅤpoundoreuroⅥAveragetotalincomebyethnicgroupAccordingtoofficialTreasuryestimates,BritishGDPgrewby2¾%in2006andisexpectedtogrowby3%in2007.Growthisexpectedtoslowslightlyin2008tobetween2%and2½%.Theforecastfor2009and2010istoreturntotrendgrowthofbetween2½%and3%.GDPbysector(2006)primary1secondary26tertiary73primaryindustries1.Agriculture2.Fishing3.Coal,oilandgasAgricultureproducesabout60%offoodneedswithlessthan2%ofthelaborforceandcontributesaround2%ofGDPAroundtwo-thirdsoftheproductionisdevotedtolivestock,one-thirdtoarablecropsEastAngliaandSouthEastEnglandhavebeencentresforgrainproductionEastAngliaisapeninsulaofeasternEngland,namedafteroneoftheancientAnglo-Saxonkingdoms,consistingofNorfolkandSuffolkmaincropsarewheat,barley,oats,potatoes,sugarbeets,fruitsandvegetables.EastAngliaThecountyofKentwassowellknownformarketgardeningthatitisoftenreferredtoastheGardenofEnglandmarketgardeningistherelativelysmall-scaleproductionoffruits,vegetablesandflowersascashcropsKentisparticularlynotedforhopKentandhopusedasflavoringandstabilizersduringbeerbrewingmarketgardenThemainlivestockarecattle(bothdairyandbeef),chickens(theUKisthesecondlargestpoultryproducerinEuropeafterFrance)andsheepDairyfarmingismostprevalentinSouthWestEnglandAgricultureissubsidizedbytheEuropeanUnion'sCommonAgriculturalPolicy,withacombinationofpricesupportandset-asidepolicySet-asideisthemodernnamegiventothepracticeoffallowingagriculturalland,bywhichaproportionofafarm'slandresourcesareremovedfromproductiontopreventfoodsurplusesandprovidehabitatforwildanimalsTheUKretainsasignificant,althoughvastlyreduced,fishingindustryKingstonuponHull,Grimsby,Fleetwood,GreatYarmouth,Peterhead,Fraserburgh,andLowestoftareamongthecoastaltownsthathavefishingindustriesKingstonuponHull;GrimsbyshownwithinLincolnshireFleetwoodshownwithinLancashire;GreatYarmouthshownwithinNorfolkPeterheadandFraserburghshownwithinScotlandLowestoftItsfleetsbringhomefishrangingfromsole(鳎目鱼)toherring(青鱼)Herringsaresmalloilyfishfoundintheshallow,temperatewatersoftheNorthAtlantic,theBalticSea,theNorthPacific,andtheMediterranean.Herringsmoveinvastschools,cominginspringtotheshoresofEuropeandAmerica,wheretheyarecaught,saltedandsmokedingreatquantities.Cannedsardinesseeninsupermarketsmayactuallybespratsorroundherrings.SardineswerenamedaftertheislandofSardinia,wheretheywereonceinabundanceSoles/flatfishAtlanticHerringAnopensardinecanTheUK'senergyindustrysectorwasoncedominatedbythecoalindustry,heavilyconcentratedinsouthWales,Midlands,Yorkshire,NorthEastEnglandandsouthernScotland.Thenumberofpitsandminershasbeenslashed,andoutputfellbymorethan75%between1981and2003.in2003,UKranksthe15thlargestcoalproducingnation,comparedwith4thin1981Yorkshire;MidlandsTheworld’slargestminingcompany,RTZ(RioTinto力拓公司headquarteredinLondonandMelbourne),isaUKcompanywhichoperatesminesallovertheworldoriginallyin1873,RioTintohasbeennowaduallistedcompany:RioTintoLimited,formerlyknownasCRA,listedontheAustralianStockExchange,andRioTintoplc(formerlyRTZ)listedontheLondonStockExchangeaswellasNewYorkStockExchangeRTZshareholdersmadeup76.7%ofthenewunifiedentity,whichisprimarilymanagedfromLondonNorthSeaoilisconcentratedontheeastcoastofScotlandandNorthEastEnglandThewatersintheNorthSeaofftheeastcoastofScotlandcontainnearlyhalfoftheUK'sremainingoilreserves,andaquarterofreservesarelocatedintheNorthSeaneartheShetlandIslandsMostnaturalgasproductionisintheNorthSea,withasmallamountonshoreandintheIrishSeaThreeofthebiggesttencompaniesinBritainaretobefoundintheenergysector:Shell(halfDutch),BritishPetroleum(BP),andBritishGasRoyalDutchShellplcisamultinationaloilcompanyofBritishandDutchoriginsThecompany'sheadquartersareinTheHague,Netherlands,withitsregisteredofficeinLondon(ShellCentre)Shell'srevenuesof$318.8billionin2006madeitthethird-largestcorporationintheworldbyrevenuesbehindonlyExxonMobilandWal-Martexplorationforandtheproduction,processing,transportationandmarketingofhydrocarbons(oilandgas)asignificantpetrochemicalsbusiness(ShellChemicals)annewrenewableenergysectordevelopingwind,hydrogenandsolarpowershellcenterLondonShelllogoBPplc,formerlyknownasBritishPetroleum,isaBritishenergycompany/multinationaloilcompanywithheadquartersinLondonslogan:beyondpetroleumsecondaryindustries1.Engineeringandalliedindustries2.Chemicalsandchemical-basedproducts3.drink4.Others(food,tobacco,paper,printing,publishingandtextiles)AtonetimeoranothervirtuallyeveryproductthatcanbeimaginedhasbeenmadeintheUKBirmingham,(automotive)Glasgow(shipbuilding),London(everything),Manchester(textiles),Newcastle(shipbuildingandsteel),Nottingham(apparel,medicine),Sheffield(steelandsteelproducts).Leeds(textilesandengineering)In2003,themanufacturingindustryaccountedfor16%ofnationaloutputintheUKandfor13%ofemploymentthesectorisstillimportantforoverseastrade,accountingfor83%ofexportsin2003.Theregionswiththehighestproportionofemployeesinmanufacturin