污染土壤中二价铅的空间分布及其风险评价回顾

AreviewofthecontaminationsoilwithleadII.SpatialdistributionandriskassessmentofsoilleadJulieMarkus*,AlexB.McBratneyDepartmentofAgriculturalChemistryandSoilScience,TheUniversityofSydneySydney,NSW,Australia论文翻译：柴元庆陈红ppt制作讲解：孙丽军1AbstractContaminationofsoilwithleadhasoccurredonaglobalscale.Exposuretoleadmaycauseadverseeffectstohumanhealthandtheenvironment.Itisthereforedesirabletoobtainaquantitativeestimateofthepotentialriskofleadcontamination.Numerousstudieshavebeenconductedcollectingleadconcentrationdatafrombothnaturalandcontaminatedsoilonarangeofscales.Veryfewofthesestudieshavemadeseriousattemptstospatiallydescribethedata.ThispaperreviewsthemultitudeofdatacollectedonsoilPbconcentrations.Leadsurveyarediscussedonthebasisoflanduse,withAustraliandatapresentedseparately..Datafromleadsurveysofagricultural,urbanandindustrialareas,aswellasnationwidesurveysaresummarised.Asmallbutincreasingnumberofstudieshaveemployedspatialpredictiontechniquessuchaskrigingtomapthedistributionofleadconcentrationsinsoil.Thesestudiesarealsosummarisedandabriefdescriptionofthebasisfortheirusepresented.Finally,environmentalandhealthriskassessmentisdiscussedandsomemethodologiesinusearoundtheworldreviewed.D2001ElsevierScienceLtd.AllrightsreservedIntroductionTheadversehealtheffectscausedbylowlevelexpo-suretoPbhavebeenextensivelydocument.Suchhealtheffectsincludeneurologicalimpairmentanddeficitsinthefunctioningofthecentralnervoussystem(Needle-man,1983;Needlemanetal.,1990).ComprehensivereviewsonthissubjectmaybefoundinNeedlemanandLandriganandNeedlemanandBellinger(1991).InordertodeterminethepotentialrisktohumanhealthofPbcontaminatedsoil,itisessentialtogainanunderstandingoftheuniversalrangeofPbconcentrationsandhowtheyarespatiallydistributed.2.ThespatialdistributionofPbinsoil2.1.SoilPbsurveysofagricultural,urbanandindustrialareasAsummaryofthePbdatafromallsurveysdiscussedbelowisgiveninTable1.ThedatahasbeenorderedaccordingtolocationandmeanPbconcentration.ThemajorityofstudieshaveconcludedthattheconcentrationofPbdecreaseswithdistancefromtheroad(SingerandHanson,1969;LagerwerffandSpecht,1970;Mottoetal.,1970),however,HafenandBrinkmann(1996)foundonlyaweakrelationshipbetweenconcentrationanddistance.Microclimaticfeaturesincludingairturbulenceandhumandisturbanceofthesoilprofileweresuggestedasreasonsfortheabsenceofastrongcorrelation(HafenandBrinkmann,1996).HafenandBrinkmanncollected224topsoilsamplesalong32transectsperpendiculartoamajorinterstatehighwayinFlorida,USA.Whiletheirresultsdifferfrommostotherinvestigationsofroadsidesoil,thenumberofsamplescollectedmakesthisthemostdetailedsurveyofPbconcentrationssurroundingamajorroadway.Pbconcentra-tionsatdistancesgreaterthan15–20mfromtheroadwerefoundtoapproachconstantvaluesandwereappreciablysmallerthanthosewithinafewmetresoftheroad(SingerandHanson,1969;AlbaselandCottenie,1985).LagerwerffandSpecht(1970)andSingerandHanson(1969)alsoreportadecreaseinPbconcentrationswithdepthinthesoilprofileandanincreaseinPbconcentrationwithtrafficdensity.2.2.SoilPbsurveysinAustraliaAustralia'sresearchismainlytostudyinsouthernAustralia.Thatinvestigationoftheleadinsoilregionaldistributionandtownsscatteredpollution.Leadpollutioncanalsooccurintheorchardregion,duetoleadnitrateintheuseofinsecticide.Theaccumulatedinorchardsoilleadinalsowillhappen,andtheseleadisnottransfer.Theconcentrationofleadwerefoundatthedistributionis.Inthesestudiesoftheregionisfoundofleadconcentrationisnegligible2.3.UseofspatialpredictiontechniquestomapcontaminantdistributioninsoilGeographicdataanalysisisaspaceindependentmodel.Andthroughtheuseofkrigingtothepositionsamplingcharacteristicvalueevaluation.Kringingisaspaceforecastingmethod,initssimplestformismeasuredbytheproportionofdatapointsaverage.Thesedatapointisapositionorroughlyalargerarea.Moreandmoreresearchkrigingmethodhasbeenusedinsoilleadconcentrationindescribingthespatialdistribution.Geographicstatisticalmethodismoresuitableforthedeterminationofthepollutantdispersion,butforthedeterminationofnon-pointsourcepollutionrequiresmorecomplextechnology.3.EnvironmentalandhealthriskassessmentforsoilleadEnvironmentalriskassessmentistheinaseriesofspecificconditionassessmentachemicalorphysicalfactorsonaspecificecosystemsmightaffectprocesssomecountriesabouthealthriskassessmentforsoillead☆themostwidelyrecognisedmethodologyforassessingtheriskofenvironmentalcontaminantisthatdevelopedbytheUSEnvironmentProtectionAgencyTheUSEPAhavedevisedasitespecific,quantitativemethodologyusingamodellingapproachtoquantifyhumanexposure,doseresponseand/orplantresponserelationships☆TheNetherlandsalsohavewell-developedcriteriaandguidelinesforsoilprotectionandriskassessment.TheDutchpolicyisbasedontheideaofsoilmultifunctionality,whichmeansthat‘‘thenumberoffunctionsthatasoilcanhaveshouldnotbereducedbyhumanactivities’’☆☆TheriskassessmentprotocolinAustraliaiscloselyrelatedtotheUSEPAmethodologyalthoughtherearesomeimportantdifferences.Akeydistinctionisthesemiquanti-tativenatureofriskassessmentinAustralia.LangleyLangleysummarisesimportantissuestoconsiderpriorto