西方文化导论课件Unit6

U1_mainGetStartedTextStudySupplementaryResourcesTheRenaissancereferstotheperiodinEuropeancivilizationtowardstheendoftheMiddleAges,whichwascharacterizedbyasurgeofinterestinclassicallearningandvalues.TheRenaissanceemergedwhensocialinstability,economicsluggishnessandintellectualdepressionbecamesointolerablethatmostofthepeople,especiallytheintellectualscouldnolongeraccepttheworseningsituation.TheRenaissanceasamovementfirststartedinFlorenceandthenexpandedtoVenice,RomeandotherItaliancitiesbeforeitswepttherestpartsofEurope.Paintingandsculpturewerethemostsensitivefieldstothechangewiththeirsubjectsandtastes,shiftingfromdullness,stagnation,lackofemotionanddivinitytodynamics,enthusiasmandhumanitarianism.LiteratureandideologysoonfollowedGetStarted_1.2GetStartedGetStarted_1.3GetStartedasotherimportantareasproceededandthemovementfurtherseparateditselffromfeudalistictyranny,ecclesiasticbondageandsoughtintellectualfreedomandideologicalemancipation.TheRenaissanceischaracterizedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalproductionandreligiousreformation.Allthesewereundertakenorunfoldedgraduallybutwidely,extendingitsinfluencestoeverycornerofEurope,withmoreandmorepeoplegettinginvolved.Theachievementswereseenprincipallyinsixareas,namely,painting,sculpture,poetry,fiction,dramaandreligiousreformationaswellasthechangeintheculturalandintellectualclimate.GetStarted_1.4GetStartedTheRenaissancewasanimportantstageinthehistoricalprocessoftheWesterncivilizationandindicatedatransitionalperiodfromtheMiddleAgestothemodernerainthedevelopmentofWesternculture.EconomicandintellectualchangesduringtheRenaissancebothhelpedtospeedupWesternsocialandculturaldevelopmentandpreparedthenecessaryconditionsfortherapidprogressinpolitical,socialandideologicalareasoftheModernAge.TextStudy_mainTextStudyTextStudyI.BackgroundtotheRenaissanceII.Source,FeatureandSignificanceoftheRenaissanceIII.CulturalAchievementsoftheRenaissanceIV.SocialIdeologyduringtheRenaissanceV.TheReligiousReformationVI.DevelopmentsofNaturalScienceVII.BeginningofModernPhilosophyVIII.ClassicismandtheCulturalSalon中世纪（MiddleAges）（约公元476年~公元1453年），是欧洲历史上的一个时代（主要是西欧），自西罗马帝国灭亡（公元476年）到东罗马帝国灭亡（公元1453年）的这段时期。这个时期的欧洲没有一个强有力的政权来统治。封建割据带来频繁的战争，造成科技和生产力发展停滞，人民生活在毫无希望的痛苦中，所以中世纪或者中世纪早期在欧美普遍被称作“黑暗时代”，传统上认为这是欧洲文明史上发展比较缓慢的时期。政治上：封建专制制度的建立和完善，（领主，庄园主，骑士）经济上：以奴隶为主的生产方式——以农民为主的半雇佣劳动制度文化思想上：以基督教为中心和主导（唯灵主义）查理大帝（Charlemagne或CharlestheGreat,公元742---814年），或称为查理曼、查理、卡尔大帝，法兰克王国加洛林王朝国王，神圣罗马帝国的奠基人。他建立了那囊括西欧大部分地区的庞大帝国。公元800年，由罗马教皇加冕“罗马人的皇帝”。他在行政、司法、军事制度及经济生产等方面都有杰出的建树，并大力发展文化教育事业。是他引入了欧洲文明，他被后世尊称为“欧洲之父”。TextStudy_I_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFactorsthatcontributedtotheemergenceoftheRenaissance:thebreak-upoffeudalstructuresthestrengtheningofcity-statesinItalytheemergenceofnationalmonarchiesinSpain,France,andEnglandthethriveofmanydifferentkindsofsocialstructures,suchasguilds,civicassociations,councilsandmonasticchapters,whichwerebasedonsomeformofautonomyTextStudy_I_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeastheriseoffolkcultureandpopularliteratureinmostEuropeancountriestowardstheendoftheMiddleAgeschangesinseculareducation,particularlythefoundingofuniversitiesculminatinginthebirthofaself-consciousnewagewithanewspiritTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsfolkculture民间文化:culturalactivitiesabouttheordinarypeople,particularlythelowerclasspeople,whichoftenincludedvulgarityjokesandsarcasmofthelowerclass,especiallyagainsttheupper-classculturewhichcaredfororder,socialclasses,peaceandgoodmannersofaristocracyandtheroyalfamilyTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsGuild行会或协会:asocietyofpeoplewithcommoninterestsoraims,alsoamedievalassociationofmerchantsorcraftsmenTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsmonasticchapter教会或修道院管理处:aChristianadministrativeofficewithinthechurchTextStudy_I_2.2TextStudyInterpretationofCulturalTermsInterpretationofCulturalTermsBolognaUniversity博洛尼亚大学:oneoftheoldestuniversities(togetherwiththatofParis)establishedinBologna,acityinnorthernItaly,famousforthestudiesoflawandothermedievalandRenaissancesubjectsTextStudy_II_1.1TextStudyMainIdeasSource:emergedfirstinItalyofFlorence,andthenspreadtoRome,Milan,VeniceandNaples,latertoFrance,Spain,GermanyandEnglandReasonsfortheemergenceoftheRenaissanceinItaly:MainIdeas(1)Italy’sprosperoustradeandproductionofhandicraft,whichfurnishedamaterialbasisforculturaldevelopmentTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeas(2)itsrichvarietyofurbansociallifecoincidingwiththeemergenceofmorecitieswheremanufacturingandcommercialactivitiescalledforthevigorousdevelopmentofculturallife(3)thewealthofculturepasseddownfromtheartisticandarchitecturalheritageofRome(4)theuseofLatinasacommonlanguageintheItaliansociety,whichhelpedtoretainagoodmemoryofclassicalcultureTextStudy_II_1.2TextStudyMainIdeasMainIdeasFeature:TheRenaissanceischaracterisedbyseekingideologicalemancipation,intellectualfreedomandpoliticalawareness,basedonculturalprod