虚拟语气(修改版)

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Subjunctive(虚拟语气)•1)虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。•2)条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。TheSubjunctiveMood虚拟语气虚拟语气可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况,时态的基本特点是从句时态往后推移。•1.虚拟语气动词使用的原则与现在事实相反:if从句用过去式动词,be用were,主句用would/should/might/could+动词原形与过去事实相反:if从句用过去完成式(had+过去分词),主句用would/should/might/could+have+过去分词与将来事实相反:if从句用should(万一)或者wereto,主句用would/should/might/could+动词原形.(表实现可能性很小)虚拟语气在条件从句中在条件从句中(叫虚拟条件句),表示与事实相反的条件。分三种情况(以do为例):表示与事实情况相反条件从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示现在情况过去式(did)(be常用were)Would/could/might/should+动词原形表示过去情况过去完成式(had+done情态动词+have+过去分词表示将来情况①过去式(did)②should+do③wereto+do情态动词+动词原形•a.与现在事实相反的假设条件从句主句一般过去时(be用were)Should或would+动词原形例如:如果他们在这儿,会帮助你的。Iftheywerehere,theywouldhelpyou.含义:Theyarenothere,theycan’thelpyou.•b.与过去事实相反的假设条件从句主句过去完成时(had+过去分词)should(would)等+have+过去分词例如:如果他昨天来的话,我会把这件事告诉他的。Ifhehadcomeyesterday,Ishould/wouldhavetoldhimaboutit.含义:Hedidnotcomeyesterday,soIdidnottellhimaboutit.•c.表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想条件从句主句一般过去时should/would等+动词原形were+to+动词原形should+动词原形例如:如果你将来成功了,一切都会好的。Ifyousucceeded,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyouweretosucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.Ifyoushouldsucceed,everythingwouldbeallright.含义:Youarenotlikelytosucceed,everythingwillbewhatitisnow.虚拟语气在混合条件句中的应用:•有时,主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同,这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如:•如果你昨天问过他,今天就知道做什么了。•Ifyouhadaskedhimyesterday,youwouldknowwhattodotoday.•(从句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实相反。)•如果昨晚下过雨,今天就会很冷了。•Ifithadrainedlastnight(过去),itwouldbeverycoldtoday(现在).•注意:在虚拟语气的从句中,动词‘be’的过去时态一律用“were”,不用was,即在从句中be用were代替。例如:•如果我是你,就会去找他。•IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.•如果他在这儿,一切都会好的。•Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.•典型例题•_____todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.•A.IfwereIB.IwereC.WereID.WasI•答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were,should,had这三个词,通常将if省略,主语提前,变成were,should,had+主语的形式。但要注意,在虚拟条件状语从句中,省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说WereInottodo,而不能说Weren'tItodo。•虚拟条件句的倒装•虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were,should,或had时,可省略if,再把were,should或had移到从句的句首,实行倒装。例如:•他们现在在的话,就会帮助我们了。•Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus.=Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.•你来得早一点,就碰到他了。•Hadyoucomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.=Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.•如果你处在我的位置,你会怎么办?•Ifyouwereinmyposition,whatwouldyoudo?•=Wereyouinmyposition,whatwouldyoudo?•如果你早点来,你就能赶上那班车了。•Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavecaughtthebus.•=Hadyoucomeearlier,youwould….•虚拟语气用于“wish+宾语从句”的用法•1)wish后面的从句,表示与事实相反的情况,或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为:从句谓语动词表示现在不能实现的愿望过去式表示将来的愿望Would(could)+动词原形对过去的事情表示愿望Had+过去分词或could+have+过去分词例如:我希望和你一样高。IwishIwereastallasyou.他希望他没讲过那样的话。Hewishedhehadn'tsaidthat.我希望明天下雨就好了。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.•注意:wish与hope接宾语从句的主要区别在于:hope一般表示可以实现的愿望,宾语从句用陈述语气;wish表示很难或不大可能实现的愿望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。•比较:•Wehopewewillsucceed.•(wedon’tknowifwewillsucceed.)•Wewishwewouldsucceed.•(weknowwecanhardlysucceed.)•IwishI______longerthismorning,butIhadtogetupandcometoclass.A.couldhavesleptB.sleptC.mighthavesleptD.havesleptA•如果我有一千万,我就能买一栋房子。我有一千万吗?没有。所以我仍然没有房子。如果我有翅膀,我就能飞。我有翅膀吗?没有。所以我也没办法飞。•如果我有一千万,我就买一栋房子.•IfIhad10milliondollars,Iwouldbuyahouse.•我有一千万吗?没有.•DoIhave10milliondollars?No.•所以我没有房子.•ThereforeIhavenohouse.•如果我有一双翅膀,我就飞翔.•IfIhadapairofwings,Iwouldfly.•可我有一双翅膀吗?没有.•DoIhaveapairofwings?No.•所以我不能飞.•ThereforeIcouldnotfly.•如果把整个太平洋的水倒出,也浇不熄我对你爱情的火。•整个太平洋的水全部倒得出吗?•不行。•所以我并不爱你。•如果倒出太平洋里所有的水,也无法浇熄我对你的爱.•IfIpouredoutallthewaterfromthePacificOcean,itstillwouldnotquench/extinguishmyloveforyou.•太平洋里的水能倒出来吗?不能•CanallthewaterfromPacificOceanbepouredout?No.•所以我并不爱你.•ThereforeIdonotloveyou.Ifhe______hislegsyesterday,he_____withusnow.A.hadn’thurt;wouldgoB.hadn’thurt;wouldhavegoneC.didn’thurt;wouldgoD.didn’thurt;wouldhavegone√•在宾语从句中的应用•在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中,像ask,advise,beg,demand,desire,determine,decide,deserve,insist,intend,maintain,propose,order,recommend,require,request,suggest,urge+(should)do等。例如:•我建议下周召开个会议。•Isuggestthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.•他要求被派到那儿去。•Heinsistedthathe(should)besentthere.注意:insist/suggest各有两种意思,要用不同的语气Insist表示“坚决要求”时,用虚拟形式,即should+do;Insist表示“坚称,坚持说”时,用陈述语气,表示事实。Suggest表示“建议”时,用虚拟形式。Suggest表示“表明、暗示”时,用陈述语气。[例句]1)Theteachersuggestedthatwe(should)cleantheblackboardafterclass.老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。2)Heinsistedthatallofusshouldbethereontimebyanymeans.他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。3)Heinsistedthathewasright.虚拟语气在:在宾语从句中1.Thestudentinsistedthathe_____(be)allrightand_______(refuse)togototheclinic.2.Thelawyersuggestedthathisclient____________(ask)hisbossforcompensationfortheaccident.3.Hisdisappointedlooksuggestedthathe___________(fail)topassthetest.4.Thewitnessinsistedthathe________(see)apersonclimbthroughthewindow.wasrefusedshouldaskhadfailedhadseen5.在would(had)rather(宁愿)引导的宾语从句中当从句表示现在或将来的时间时,谓语动词要用一般过去时;表示过去时间时,谓语动词要用过去完成时。Iwouldratherhecametomorrowthantoday.Iwouldratherwehadn’tboughttheflathere.虚拟语气在主语从句中在句型“Itisimportant(necessary,strange,natural,essential)that....”中,that后面的从句中的谓语动词用:should+动词原形[例句]1.It’snecessarythatweshouldhaveawalknow.我们有必要出去散散步。2.It’snaturalthatsheshoulddoso.她这样做是很自然的。3.It’simportantthatyourinjuredhandnotbeexposedtothesun.•在表语从句,同位语从句中的应用•suggestion,proposal,idea,plan,order,advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。(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