搜索
NameofpresentationCompanynameIntroduction•TheArmenianlanguageisanIndo-EuropeanlanguagespokenbytheArmenianpeople.ItistheofficiallanguageoftheRepublicofArmeniaaswellasintheregionofNagorno-Karabakh.ThelanguageisalsowidelyspokenbyArmeniancommunitiesintheArmeniandiaspora.Ithasitsownscript,theArmenianalphabet,andisofinteresttolinguistsforitsdistinctivephonologicaldevelopmentswithinIndo-European.Introduction•LinguistsclassifyArmenianasanindependentbranchoftheIndo-Europeanlanguagefamily.ArmeniansharesanumberofmajorinnovationswithGreek,andsomelinguistsgroupthesetwolanguagestogetherwithPhrygianandtheIndo-Iranianfamilyintoahigher-levelsubgroupofIndo-Europeanwhichisdefinedbysuchsharedinnovationsastheaugment.Morerecently,othershaveproposedaBalkangroupingincludingGreek,Armenian,PhrygianandAlbanian.Introduction•Armenianhasalongliteraryhistory,withafifth-centuryBibletranslationasitsoldestsurvivingtext.ItsvocabularyhasbeenheavilyinfluencedbyWesternMiddleIranianlanguages,particularlyParthian,andtoalesserextentbyGreek,Latin,OldFrench,Persian,Arabic,Turkish,andotherlanguagesthroughoutitshistory.Therearetwostandardizedmodernliteraryforms,EasternArmenianandWesternArmenian,withwhichmostcontemporarydialectsaremutuallyintelligible.ThedivergentandalmostextinctLomavrenlanguageisaRomani-influenceddialectwithanArmeniangrammarandalargelyRomani-derivedvocabulary,includingRomaninumbers.Classificationandorigins•Earlycontacts•ThelargepercentageofloansfromIranianlanguagesinitiallyledlinguiststoerroneouslyclassifyArmenianasanIranianlanguage.ThedistinctnessofArmenianwasonlyrecognizedwhenHübschmann(1875)usedthecomparativemethodtodistinguishtwolayersofIranianloansfromthetrueArmenianvocabulary.•W.M.Austinin1942concludedthattherewasanearlycontactbetweenArmenianandAnatolianlanguages,basedonwhatheconsideredcommonarchaisms,suchasthelackofafeminineandtheabsenceofinheritedlongvowels.But,unlikesharedinnovationsthecommonretentionofarchaismsisnotnecessarilyconsideredevidenceofaperiodofcommonisolateddevelopment.Graeco-ArmenianhypothesisThehypothesisthatGreekisArmenian'sclosestlivingrelativeoriginateswithPedersen(1924),whonotedthatthenumberofGreek-ArmenianlexicalcognatesisgreaterthanthatofagreementsbetweenArmenianandanyotherIndo-Europeanlanguage.Meillet(1925,1927)furtherinvestigatedmorphologicalandphonologicalagreement,postulatingthattheparentlanguagesofGreekandArmenianweredialectsinimmediategeographicalproximityintheparentlanguage.Meillet'shypothesisbecamepopularinthewakeofhisEsquisse(1936).Solta(1960)doesnotgoasfaraspostulatingaProto-Graeco-Armenianstage,butheconcludesthatconsideringboththelexiconandmorphology,GreekisclearlythedialectmostcloselyrelatedtoArmenian.Graeco-Armenianhypothesis•Hamp(1976:91)supportstheGraeco-Armenianthesis,anticipatingevenatimewhenweshouldspeakofHelleno-Armenian(meaningthepostulateofaGraeco-Armenianproto-language).Armeniansharestheaugment,anegatorderivedfromthesetphrase*nehoiukwid(noteveratall),therepresentationofword-initiallaryngealsbyprotheticvowels,andotherphonologicalandmorphologicalpeculiaritieswithGreek.TheclosenessoftherelationshipbetweenArmenianandGreekshedslightontheparaphyleticnatureoftheCentum-Satemisogloss.Nevertheless,linguistsincludingFortson(2004)commentbythetimewereachourearliestArmenianrecordsinthe5thcenturyA.D.,theevidenceofanysuchearlykinshiphasbeenreducedtoafewtantalizingpieces.Evolution谢谢观赏WPSOfficeMakePresentationmuchmorefun@WPS官方微博@kingsoftwps