GothicNovel•GothicnovelasonebranchoftheEnglishliteratureandthefatherofhorrormovies.•Beginningin1764,gothicnovelsgraduallybecametwobranchesin1790s.1),OneishorribleGothicNovels2),sentimentalgothicnovelsGothicnovelasonebranchoftheEnglishliteratureandthefatherofhorrormoviesoriginsfromTheCastleofOtranto(1764).Moreimportantly,itleadshabituallywithdarknessandhorror.Gothicelementsincludehorror,mystery,supernaturalphenomenon,misfortune,death,hauntedhouses,andfamilycurses.哥特小说,属于英语文学派别,是西方通俗文学中惊险神秘小说的一种。一般被认为随着霍勒斯·沃波尔的《奥特兰托城堡》而产生。哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖,更重要的是,它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖,神秘,超自然,厄运,死亡,颓废,住着幽灵的老房子,癫狂,家族诅咒等。Gothicelementsincludethefollowing:1.Settinginacastle.Theactiontakesplaceinandaroundanoldcastle,sometimesseeminglyabandoned,sometimesoccupied.Thecastleoftencontainssecretpassages,trapdoors,secretrooms,darkorhiddenstaircases,andpossiblyruinedsections.Thecastlemaybenearorconnectedtocaves,whichlendtheirownhauntingflavorwiththeirbranchings,claustrophobia,andmystery.2.Anatmosphereofmysteryandsuspense(悬念).Theworkispervadedbyathreateningfeeling,afearenhancedbytheunknown.Oftentheplotitselfisbuiltaroundamystery,suchasunknownparentage,adisappearance,orsomeotherinexplicableevent.Elements3,4,and5belowcontributetothisatmosphere.(Again,inmodernfilmmaking,theinexplicableeventsareoftenmurders.)3.Anancientprophecy(预言)isconnectedwiththecastleoritsinhabitants(eitherformerorpresent).Theprophecyisusuallyobscure,partial,orconfusing.Whatcoulditmean?Inmorewatereddownmodernexamples,thismayamounttomerelyalegend:It'ssaidthattheghostofoldmanKrebsstillwandersthesehalls.4.Omens,portents,visions(预兆).Acharactermayhaveadisturbingdreamvision,orsomephenomenonmaybeseenasaportentofcomingevents.Forexample,ifthestatueofthelordofthemanorfallsover,itmayportendhisdeath.Inmodernfiction,acharactermightseesomething(ashadowyfigurestabbinganothershadowyfigure)andthinkthatitwasadream.Thismightbethoughtofasanimitationvision.5.Supernatural(超自然的)orotherwiseinexplicable(莫名其妙的)events.Dramatic,amazingeventsoccur,suchasghostsorgiantswalking,orinanimateobjects(suchasasuitofarmororpainting)comingtolife.Insomeworks,theeventsareultimatelygivenanaturalexplanation,whileinotherstheeventsaretrulysupernatural.6.High,evenoverwrought(过度紧张)emotion.Thenarrationmaybehighlysentimental,andthecharactersareoftenovercomebyanger,sorrow,surprise,andespecially,terror.Characterssufferfromrawnervesandafeelingofimpendingdoom.Cryingandemotionalspeechesarefrequent.Breathlessnessandpanicarecommon.Inthefilmedgothic,screamingiscommon.7.Womenindistress(危险,困难).Asanappealtothepathosandsympathyofthereader,thefemalecharactersoftenfaceeventsthatleavethemfainting,terrified,screaming,and/orsobbing.Alonely,pensive,andoppressedheroineisoftenthecentralfigureofthenovel,sohersufferingsareevenmorepronouncedandthefocusofattention.Thewomensufferallthemorebecausetheyareoftenabandoned,leftalone(eitheronpurposeorbyaccident),andhavenoprotectorattimes.8.Womenthreatenedbyapowerful,impulsive(冲动),tyrannical(专横)male.Oneormoremalecharactershasthepower,asking,lordofthemanor,father,orguardian,todemandthatoneormoreofthefemalecharactersdosomethingintolerable.Thewomanmaybecommandedtomarrysomeoneshedoesnotlove(itmayevenbethepowerfulmalehimself),orcommitacrime.9.Themetonymy(转喻)ofgloom(阴暗,忧郁)andhorror(恐惧).Metonymyisasubtypeofmetaphor,inwhichsomething(likerain)isusedtostandforsomethingelse(likesorrow).Forexample,thefilmindustrylikestousemetonymyasaquickshorthand,soweoftennoticethatitisraininginfuneralscenes.Notethatthefollowingmetonymiesfordoomandgloomallsuggestsomeelementofmystery,danger,orthesupernatural.作品TheCastleofOtranto(1764)byHoraceWalpole(《奥特朗托堡》,霍拉斯·瓦尔波尔)TheMysteriesofUdolpho(1794)byAnnRadcliffe(《乌尔多芙的秘密》,又译《乌尔多芙的神秘》,安·拉德克里夫)CalebWilliams(1794)byWilliamGodwinFrankenstein(1818)byMaryShelley(FulltextatWikisource)(《弗兰肯斯坦》,又译《活跳尸》《科学怪人》,玛丽·雪莱)TheVampyre(1819)byJohnWilliamPolidori(《吸血鬼》,约翰·威廉姆·坡利多里)TheFalloftheHouseofUsher(1839)byEdgarAllanPoe(FulltextatWikisource)(《厄舍府的倒塌》,埃德加·爱伦·坡)TheTell-TaleHeart(1843)byEdgarAllanPoe(FulltextatWikisource)(《泄密的心》,埃德加·爱伦·坡)TheMummy'sFoot(1863)byThéophileGautier(FulltextatWikisource)(《木乃伊的脚》,泰菲尔·高提尔)TheHorla(1887)byGuydeMaupassant(FulltextatWikisource)(《霍拉》,盖·德·莫泊桑)TheYellowWallpaper(1892)byCharlottePerkinsGilman(《黄色墙纸》,夏洛特·珀金斯·吉尔曼)Dracula(1897)byBramStoker(FulltextatWikisource)(《德拉库拉》,布莱姆·斯托克)Gormenghast(1946-1959)byMervynPeake(《歌门鬼城》,又译《仇云盖堡》,马文·匹克Thankyou!