Unit3 Why Historians Disagree

LessonThreeWhyHistoriansDisagreeCONTENTWarm-upAbouttheTextTextAnalysisLanguagePointsExercisesWarm-upDiscussionHistoryQuizGreatEventsinHistoryExpositionDiscussionHowdoyoudefinehistory?Ishistoryascience?Whatisthepurposeofstudyinghistory?Doyoulikehistory?Whyandwhynot?Whatisahistorian?Doyoufindyourselfdisagreewithothers?Whydoyouthinkpeopledisagree?Whatishistory?Historyisarecordofpastevents,usuallywithaninterpretationoftheircauseandanassessmentoftheirimportance.Or:anarrativeofrealorfictitious(虚构的;非真实的)eventsconnectedwithaparticularperson,country,objectetc.~~~~LongmanModernEnglishDictionaryOxfordAdvancedAmericanDictionary1.alltheeventsthathappenedinthepast2.thepasteventsconcernedinthedevelopmentofaparticularplace,subject,etc.3.thestudyofpasteventsasasubjectinschoolorcollege4.awrittenorspokenaccountofpasteventsBackWhatisthevalueofmakingastudyintohistory?Whywelearnhistory?Variousopinionsarepossibleandtheyshouldbeencouraged.Westudyhistorytolearnsomefromourpast,thusgettingsomeguidancetobenefitourpresentandourfuture.BackSupplementaryInformation读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.BackChineseHistoryQuiz1.WhowasthelastemperorofChina?A.LiSiWenB.PuYiC.ShiHuangDiD.YellowEmperorB:Themovie,'TheLastEmperor'detailshisshorttragicreign.2.WhichofthefollowingisnotoneofthefourgreatinventionsoftheChinese?A.GunPowderB.PaperC.CompassD.ClockD:Thefourgreatinventionsshouldbe:Gunpowder,compass,paperandprinting.BackChineseHistoryQuiz3.HowmanyfemalemonarchswerethereinChineseHistory?A.OneB.ZeroC.TwoD.FiveA:WuZe-TianwastheonlyEmpressinChineseHistory.4.Whowasnotoneofthe'fourbeautifulladies'?A.WangZhaoJunB.ZhaoFeiYanC.YangYuHuanD.XiShiB:ThefourprettywomenwereWangZhaoJun,YangYuHuan,XiShiandDiaoChanChineseHistoryQuiz5.InwhatyearwastheGreatLeapForwardbegun?A.1976B.1949C.1957D.1953C:In1957,afterChina'sfirstFive-YearPlan,MaoZedongbegantheGreatLeapForward,establishingspecialcommunesinthecountrysidethroughtheusageofcollectivelaborandmassmobilization.WorldHistoryQuiz1.WhatwasthefirstcountrytodeclarewaronanotherinWorldWarI?A.GermanyB.Austria-HungaryC.FranceD.SerbiaB:Austria-HungarydeclaredwaronSerbiaon28July1914.WorldHistoryQuiz2.WhateventleadAmericaintowar?A.ThesinkingoftheArabicB.ZimmermannNoteandunrestrictedsubmarinewarfarebyGermanyC.Austria-HungaryinvadingSerbiaD.ThreeGermanbattleshipsenteredtheNorthAtlanticandattackedAmericanshippingB:TheUnitedStateswasdrawnintoWorldWarIbyboththeZimmermannNoteandGermany'sunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare.TheZimmermannnotewasanencrypted(将...译成密码)telegramfromtheGermanForeignOfficetoMexicoaskingthemtoattacktheU.S.Itwasintercepted(截取;截听)bytheBritishsecretintelligenceserviceandpublished.Atthesametime,theuseofunrestrictedsubmarinewarfare(aspartoftheGermanblockadeofBritain)hadbythenalreadyledtothesinkingoffiveAmericanshipsintheAtlantic.ThereisdebateastotherelativeimportanceofthisandtheZimmermannNote.3.WherewasthePeaceTreatywithGermanysignedin1919?A.NewYorkB.BerlinC.ViennaD.VersaillesD4.Whatfortwasfiredonin1861,thusstartingtheCivilWar?A.FortSumterB.FortHenryC.FortDuquesneD.FortPillowA:ThefirstshotwasfiredonApril12,1861atFortSumterinCharlestonHarbor,sostartingthewar.GreateventsinHistoryTheCivilWar(1861-1865)TheFirstWorldWarTheFirstWorldWarTheFirstWorldWar1914---1918BetweentheAlliesandtheCentralPowersAllies----the23countriesalliedagainsttheCentralPowers,notablytheBritishEmpire,France,Italy,RussiaandtheU.S.A.CentralPowers----Germany,Austria-Hungary,BulgariaandTurkeyTheGreatDepression-worstandlongesteconomiccollapseinthehistoryofthemodernindustrialworldTheGreatDepressionWhen?-----InOctober,1929Where?-----NewYorkWhathappen?---TheNewYorkstockmarketcrashedInnumerablebanks,factoriesandmineswentbankruptcies.---extendedtoEurope,Asia,AfricaAustraliaandSouthAmerica.Result---About25millionworkersthroughouttheworldunemployed.About25millionworkersthroughouttheworldunemployed.CottonwasploughedunderintheUS.CanadaburnedsomeofherwheatcropsBy1935,onlyFrance,Holland,Belgium,SwitzerlandandPolandremainedonthegoldstandard(=bestone).Historyhastodowithhumanactivitiesandsocialdevelopment,and,asaresult,itisnotpurelyobjective.Besides,therearefarmorevariablesinvolvedthaninthenaturalsciences.Thatiswhyitissochallengingandintriguing.Andtodaywemustunderstandthathistoryisaveryimportantpartofeducation.WhendidChinesehistorybeginInChina,historybeganaspartofliterature,usuallyaboutkingsandgenerals,andabouttheriseandfallofdynasties,whichsupposedlycontainsnumerousmorallessonsforposterity(后代).Inextremecasesitwaseventreatedasatoolforpropaganda.BackIsHistoryascience?Duetotheinfluenceofmodernwesternculture,inChina,peoplecametoseehistoryasascience.Howevertodaypeoplegenerallyagreethatitisnotascienceinthesensethatphysicsorchemistryaresciences.BackWhatisahistorian?Apersonwhostudieshistoryand/orwritesaboutit.BackWhatdoesahistoriando?Historiansdonotjustcollectfacts.Theygivemeaningtothefactsbyprobingintothem.Andbecausetheyhavedifferentinterestanddifferentund