Attributive clause定语从句PPT

定语从句AttributiveClause1.概述1.1Inacomplexsentence,theclauseusedasanattributeiscalledattributiveclause.Thefunctionofattributiveclause:限制、描绘或说明主句中的某一单词、短语、另一从句或整个主句。定语从句由RelativePronoun,RelativeDeterminerorRelativeAdverb引导。RelativePronoun：who,whom,which,that,as,butRelativeAdverb:when,where,why,thatRelativeDeterminer:whose,which关系代词、限定词、副词的作用：引导定语从句，指代先行项并担任某一句子成分。关系代词有主格、宾格、所有格，指人和指物，可省略和不可省略之分；有可用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句之分。关系副词有指代表示时间、地点和原因的先行项，可省略和不可省略之分；有可用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句之分。1.2先行项(词)Antecedent:指被关系代词、限定词、副词所指代，并被定语从句所限制、描绘和说明的对象。先行项分如下类型：1.2.1aword：noun,pronoun,adjectiveTheboywhocametoseemeismybrother.Allthatglittersisnotgold.Hethinksheranswerincorrect,asitprobablyis.1.2.2aphrase:Sheisveryattentiveinclass,whichherarelyis.1.2.3Anotherclause:Shesaidthathersonwouldbecomeanartist,whichIthoughtpossible.1.2.4Mainclause:Herefusedtocome,whichIhadexpected.Ashasbeensaidbefore,grammarisnotasetofdeadrules.1.3限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句RestrictiveAttributiveClauseandNon-restrictiveAttributiveClause(RACandNRAC)1.3.1限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别：1)从结构上看:限制性定语从句没有“,”而非限制性定语从句有“，”。2)从功能上看:限制性定语从句的定语从句不能省，非限制性定语从句的定语从句可有可无。3)从修辞对象上看：限制性定语从句的先行项为名词或代词（不包括专有名词）；非限制性定语从句的先行项可以是名词（不包括带有all,any,some等不定限定词的名词短语）、短语、另一从句、或整个主句。4)从关系词的使用和省略上看：非限制性定语从句不能使用that,but,why,关系词不能省略；限制性定语从句的关系词有时可省。5)从语义上看：非限制性定语从句在语义上有时相当于一个并列分句，有时相当于一个状语分句，表示目的、结果、原因、条件、让步等。Heisrecoveringquickly,whichI’mgladtohear.=Heisrecoveringquickly,andI’mgladtohearthat.Heisafootballfan,whichI’mnot.=Heisafootballfan,whileI’mnot.Hewishestowriteanarticle,whichwillattractpublicattentiontothismatter.(目的)=sothatitwillattractpublicattention…Lastyearhehadastroke,whichseriouslyaffectedhishealth.(结果)=…hehadsuchastrokethatitseriouslyaffected…Forseveraldaysthelong-distancebus,whichwassurrenderedbyfloodwaters,couldnotmoveforwardnorbackward.(原因)Hewouldbearashman,whoshouldcrossthestreetwithoutlookingbothways.(条件)=ifheshouldcrossthestreet…Thegirl,whoisonly16,isdeterminedtobeamathematician.(让步)=Althoughsheisonly16,…2.关系词在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中的用法2.1关系代词who,whom,which,that,as,but和关系限定词：whose,which1）who指人，作主语。Thefamilywhoareallfootballfansarenowtakingaholiday.指表示复数意义的集合名词Thefriend（who）Iwastravelingwithisadoctor.在口语和非正式英语中，who可代替whom作动词宾语或介词宾语，并经常省略。在作介词宾语时，介词不能位于who之前。Who引导的非限制性定语从句Mysister,whoisanurse,camehomeforafewdays.Ourdog,spot,whois7yearsold,isagreatfavoritewiththefamily.England’steam,whoarenowsuperblyfit,willbedoingtheirbestnextweektorevengethemselvesforlastyear’sdefeat.2）whom指人，作宾语，并经常省略。在作介词宾语时，介词可以位于whom之前或句末。在口语和非正式英语中，介词常位于句末。Iknowthepersontowhomyouspoke/whomyouspoketo.TellmesomethingaboutthemanforwhomIshallbeworking./whomIshallbeworkingfor.HereisJohnSmith,whom/whoImentionedtheotherday.Londonpoliceman,whom/whoIammuchobligedto/towhomIammuchobligedalwaystrytobehelpful.Thecoursenormallyattracts20studentsperyear,___uptohalfwillbefromoverseas.a.forwhomb.ofwhomc.inwhich3)whose指人和物，作定语Peoplewhosedogsbiteotherpeopleshouldkeepthem(dogs)up.Thehousewhosewindowsarebrokenisunoccupied.MydogwhosenameisTedisgrowingfast.ofwhich是which的所有格，指物，通常在正规英语中使用，上面最后两句可写成：Thehousethewindowsofwhicharebrokenisunoccupied.MydogthenameofwhichisTedisgrowingfast.***Thetree,whosebranchesarealmostbare,isaveryoldone.Abovethetreesarethehills,___magnificence(倒影)theriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.03-43whose4)which指物，作主语和宾语（常省略）。在作介词宾语时，介词可以位于which之前或句末。Thatisthecomputerwhichcostme5000yuan.Thecar(which)wehiredbrokendownafter5kilometers.TheladderonwhichIwasstandingbegantoslip./(which)Iwasstandingonbegantoslip.Theworldinwhichwelive/(which)weliveinisinconstantmotionandinconstantchange.Thebaby(which)thenursebroughtinwasTom’schild.(指婴儿)Thedog(which)hekeptbarkedfuriously.(指动物)Theaudiencewhichiscomposedentirelyofstudentsislargerthanever.(指单数意义的集合名词)which作为关系代词，在非限制性定语从句中的先行词可以是一个词、一个短语、另一从句或整个主句。它在从句中作主语、宾语（动、介）、主语补语。which还可以作为关系限定词在从句中作定语。a.用作关系代词Hislatestplay,whichwaswellreviewedbythecritics,hasbeenagreatsuccess.Thechurch,inwhichtheyweremarried/whichtheyweremarriedin,wasbuiltin1460.指代表示事物的名词。Hekissedthebaby,whichwasinitsmother’sarms.Theparty,____Iwastheguestofhonour,wasextremelyenjoyable.06-53towhichTomkeepsabigdog,whichbitmeyesterday.指代表示婴儿或动物的名词。Hebecameascholar,whichIwasnot.指代表示职业、地位、品格等的名词。TheLondonteam,whichplayedsowelllastseason,hasdonebadlythisseason.指代单数意义的集合名词Sheisalwayscareless,whichweshouldnotbe.指代形容词Theysayheplaystruant[5tru:Ent]逃学,whichhedoesn’t.指代短语Hesaidthathehadneverseenherbefore,whichwasnottrue.另一从句Theyovercomeallthedifficultiesandcompletedtheproject2monthsaheadoftime,____issomethingwehadnotexpected.整个主句03-51whichb.用作关系限定词指代主句中某一单词、短语、或整个主句，其用法特点是：在which后面要紧接一个它所修饰的能对先行词的内容起概括作用的名词。Heisstudyingeconomics,whichknowledgeisveryimportanttoday.Callmeatnoon,bywhichtimethemeetingshouldbeover.Heinvestedhismoneyinseveraldifferentcompanies,bywhichmeanshehopedtoreducethenaturalhazardsofinvestment.Icalledhimbythewrongnumber,forwhichmistakeIapologized.Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedanewpolicy__payriseshaverelatedtoperformanceatwork.96-15which5）that指人和物，作主语、宾语，可替代who,whom,which。作宾语时常