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Chapter7;ElectronicStructureofAtomsI.ElectromagneticRadiationII.FlameTest/EmissionSpectraIII.QuantizedEnergyLevelsIV.BohrModel/RydbergEquationV.PrincipalEnergyLevels,na)FirstIonizationEnergyb)2nd,3rd,4th,etcIonizationEnergy东莞电工培训;ElectronicStructureofAtomsVI.Sublevels(s,p,d,f)a)PhotoelectronSpectroscopyVII.ElectronConfigurationVIII.ValenceElectrons/CoreIX.Good/BadPointofAtomModelX.QuantumTheorya)DualNatureoftheElectronb)HeisenbergUncertaintyPrincipleChapter7;ElectronicStructureofAtomsXI.QuantumNumbers(n,l,ml,ms)XII.OribtalDiagramsa)ParamagnetismandDiamagnetismElectronicStructureModelExperimentalEvidence1.LineSpectra2.IonizationEnergies3.PhotoelectronSpectrum4.Intensity/detailofLineSpectraWhatitmeans1.Electronsinquanitized‘n’2.#electronsineach‘n’3.#electronsineach‘n’andeachsublevel4.Indicates‘n’havesublevelsassociatedwiththemElectronicStructuren#ofSublevel#e-inn(2n2)SublevelNames#e-ineachsublevel112ss-2228s,ps-2,p-63318s,p,ds-2,p-6,d-104432s,p,d,fs-2,p-6,d-10,f-14Orderoforbitals(filling)inmulti-electronatom1s2s2p3s3p4s3d4p5s4d5p6s7.7WhatistheelectronconfigurationofMg?Mg12electrons1s2s2p3s3p4s1s22s22p63s22+2+6+2=12electrons7.7Abbreviatedas[Ne]3s2[Ne]1s22s22p6WhatistheelectronconfigurationofCl?Cl17electrons1s2s2p3s3p4s1s22s22p63s23p52+2+6+2+5=17electronsElectronConfigurationsofCationsandAnionsNa[Ne]3s1Na+[Ne]Ca[Ar]4s2Ca2+[Ar]Al[Ne]3s23p1Al3+[Ne]Atomsloseelectronssothatcationhasanoble-gasouterelectronconfiguration.H1s1H-1s2or[He]F1s22s22p5F-1s22s22p6or[Ne]O1s22s22p4O2-1s22s22p6or[Ne]N1s22s22p3N3-1s22s22p6or[Ne]Atomsgainelectronssothatanionhasanoble-gasouterelectronconfiguration.OfRepresentativeElements8.2Na+:[Ne]Al3+:[Ne]F-:1s22s22p6or[Ne]O2-:1s22s22p6or[Ne]N3-:1s22s22p6or[Ne]Na+,Al3+,F-,O2-,andN3-areallisoelectronicwithNeWhatneutralatomisisoelectronicwithH-?H-:1s2sameelectronconfigurationasHe8.2ElectronConfigurationsofTransitionMetals•Completelyfilledorhalf-completelyfilledd-orbitalshaveaspecialstability–Some“irregularities”areseenintheelectronconfigurationsoftransitionandinner-transitionmetals.ElectronConfigurationsofCationsofTransitionMetals8.2Whenacationisformedfromanatomofatransitionmetal,electronsarealwaysremovedfirstfromthensorbitalandthenfromthe(n–1)dorbitals.Fe:[Ar]4s23d6Fe2+:[Ar]4s03d6or[Ar]3d6Fe3+:[Ar]4s03d5or[Ar]3d5Mn:[Ar]4s23d5Mn2+:[Ar]4s03d5or[Ar]3d5Orderoffilling;3s3p4s3dButwhenremovingelectronstoform+ionsfortransitionmetalsOrderofremovingelectrons;4s3d3p3sElectronicStructureGoodPoints•ElectronsinQuantizedEnergyLevels•Maximum#electronsineachnis2n2•Sublevels(s,p,d,f)and#electronstheyholdBadPoints•Electronsareplacedinorbitsaboutnucleus•OnlyexplainsemissionspectraofH2•Doesnotaddressallinteractions•TreatselectronasparticleH+1Be+4TherearelessinteractionstotakeintoaccountinHthanotherelementsInteractions1.Attractionbetween+nucleusandnegativeelectronsInteractions1.Attractionbetween+nucleusandnegativeelectrons2.Repulsionbetweenelectronsinsameenergylevel.3.Shieldingeffectoffilledprincipalenergylevels.QuantumTheory–RevisedElectronicStructureModel1.DualNatureoftheElectron2.HeisenbergUncertaintyPrincipleDualNatureofElectronPreviousConcept;ASubstanceisEitherMatterorEnergy•Matter;DefiniteMassandPositionMadeofParticles•Energy;MasslessandDelocalizedPositionnotSpecificedWave-likeDualNatureofElectron•Electronisboth“particle-like”and“wave-like”atthesametime.•Previousmodelonlyconsidered“particle-like”natureoftheelectronHeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple•Actofmeasuringthepositionandenergyofelectronchangesthepositionofelectron–Betteronevariableisknown(energy);thelesswelltheothervariableisknown(position)OrbitalsReplaceOrbits•Orbits-Bothelectronpositionandenergyknownwithcertainty•Orbitals–RegionsofspacewhereanelectronsofagivenenergywillmostlikelybefoundQuantumTheoryOrbitalsReplaceOrbitsOrbitsOrbitalsSchrodingerWaveEquation(Y)Describessize/shape/orientationoforbitals7.5•WaveEquationisbasedon…1.DualNatureofElectron(Electronbothparticleandwave-likeatthesametime.)2.HeisenbergUncertaintyPrinciple(Orbitalsdescribearegioninspaceanelectronwillmostlikelybe.)WaveEquation(Y)•WaveEquationdescribethesize,shape,andorientationoftheorbitaltheelectron(ofagivenenergy)isin.Therearefourvariablesinthefunction-n;Energyandsizeoforbital–l;Shapeoforbital–ml;Orientationoforbital–ms;ElectronSpin(n,l,ml,ms)1.Eachelectronhasauniquesetof4QuantumNumbers2.EachorbitaldescribedbytheQuantumNumberscanholdamaximumof2electrons.SchrodingerWaveEquation;1stQuantumNumberY=fn(n,l,ml,ms)principalquantumnumbernn=1,2,3,4,….n=1n=2n=37.6distanceofe-fromthenucleusY=fn(n,l,ml,ms)angularmomentumquantumnumberlforagivenvalueofn,l=0,1,2,3,…n-1n=1,l=0n=2,l=0or1n=3,l=0,1,or2Shapeofthe“volume”ofspacethatthee-occupiesl=0sorbitall=1porbitall=2dorbitall=3forbitalSchrodingerWaveEquation2ndQuantumNumber7.6PrincipalEnergyLevel,nSublevel,lQuantum#ElectronConfiguration10(1,0,,)1s20(2,0,,)2s1(2,1,,)2p30(3,0,,)3s1(3,1,,)3p2(3,2,,)3d40(4,0,,)4s1(4,1,,)4p2(4,2,,)4d3(4,3,,)4fl=0(sorbitals)l=1(porbitals)7.6l=2(dorbitals)f-o