中国旅游文化――中国园林(双语)

2020/2/1112020/2/112引言Introduction中国园林*的种类CatalogueofChinesegarden中国园林的艺术特点ArtisticcharacteristicsofChinesegardens历史名园一瞥Aglimpseofhistoricalgardens中外园林的对比Comparisonwithforeigngardens江南园林的要素ElementsofthegardensinthesouthernpartofYangtzeRiver如何欣赏中国园林HowtoappreciateChinesegardens目录Contents*AccordingtothedictionaryofChinesecharacters,theChinesewordfor“garden,”yuan,refersetymologicallytoanenclosurewithfruitandtrees.2020/2/113壮丽的宫殿、雄伟的长城和曲折多变的园林，是中国建筑文化中的三大瑰宝，并一起构成中国古代建筑的主调。Introduction引言MagnificentPalaces,magnificentGreatWallandbeautifulandvariousstylesofGardensarethethreejewelsofChineseculture,theycomposingofthemelodyofancientChinesearchitecture.2020/2/114宫殿体现崇拜与信仰Palaces—Worship&FaithSymmetry-Balance-Justice-Authority-Power-RoyaltyGeo-featureDeductiveReasoningAttributionHallofSupremeHarmonyandItsSquareThemodeloftheForbiddenCity,Beijing2020/2/115太和殿—HallofSupremeHarmonyandItsSquare,Beijing2020/2/116长城体现意志和力量GreatWall—Will&StrengthTerritory-StronglyFortified-Strength-Defense-Safety-NationGeo-featureDeductiveReasoningAttribution2020/2/117园林体现趣味和感情Gardens—HumanInterests&FeelingsLeisure-Nature-Life-Enjoyment-Humanity-FamilyImperialGardenFolkGardenGeo-featureDeductiveReasoningAttribution2020/2/118Thehappylifeofpeoplesofanationcomesfromtheinnereffectiveruleoftheruler,andtheindependence,thestrengthandtheabilityofthenationtorepelanyouterinvasion,andtheharmonyrelationshipsbetweenthehumanraceandthenature.Thisisthelanguageofarts;Thisisthemeaningofhistory;Thisisthespiritheritageofourarchitectures;Philosophy!宫殿-长城-园林皇家-国家-人家Palaces-GreatWall–GardensRoyalty-Nation-FamilyTheWisdom/CreativityofOurAncestryTheancientarchitecturetellsus:TheCarrierTheOwnerQ:Whydidn’tUSAbuildagreatwall?2020/2/119皇家园林（主要分布在北方）ImperialGardens私宅园林（主要分布在南方）PrivateGardens寺庙园林（广布全国）Temple/Monastery/Mosque…公共园林（主要分布在旅游胜地）PublicGardens按其所属，中国园林可分为：1.中国园林的种类CatalogueofChineseGardens2020/2/1110中国最早出现的园林属于皇家园林，经过数千年的发展，已形成自己的特点，即合朝会、居住、游赏、狩猎于一体，成为一个多功能的处所。1.1皇家园林ImperialGardensTheearliestgardensinChinaweretheImperialGardens.Afterthousandsofyearsofevolution,theImperialGardenshadformedtheirowncharacteristics,i.e.theybecameamulti-functionalplacewhichputassembly,resorting,traveltours,huntingandsooninone.2020/2/1111TheDuneGarden，therelicisnowlocatedintheterritoryofGuangzongCounty,HebeiProvince,wasbuiltbytheEmperorZhou,thelastemperorofShangDynasty(1105~1046B.C.),whichisthefirstgardenrecordedinChina’shistoricalliteritures,theearliestImperialGardenaswell.沙丘苑台商代最后一位帝王纣王在今河北省广宗县境内所修造，这是见于史书记载的第一座中国园林，也是最早的帝王园林。TherelicoftheDuneGarden,1105~1046B.C.2020/2/1112承德避暑山庄（典型代表）——TheImperialSummerResort，Chengde,HebeiProvince(Typicalexample)WorldCulturalHeritageTheMountainHamlettoEscapetheSummerHeat2020/2/1113TheMountainHamlettoEscapetheSummerHeat，Chengde2020/2/1114始建于西汉(公元前207年-公元25年)，园主人多为贵族、富豪。唐代以来，江南经济迅速发展，文人显贵多出江浙，大量私宅园林在南方出现。南方现存私宅园林大多是明清两代的遗物。1.2私宅园林PrivateGardensPrivateGardenswerefirstfoundedinWesternHanDynasty(207B.C.~25A.D.),andtheownersweremostlynoble,regalfamiliesbythattime.SincetheTangDynasty(618~907A.D),societydevelopedrapidlyintheSouthernpartofYangtzeRiver.Atthesametime,theciviliandignitariesappearedaswelllikemushroomsinJiangsuProvince.Therefore,alargenumberofprivate-ownedgardensemerged.ExistinggardensinthisregionmostlywereconstructedbetweentheMingDynasty(1368~1644A.D.)andQingDynasty(1616~1912A.D.),whichnowbecomevaluablecommonculturalheritageofthehumanrace.2020/2/1115狮子林元代TheLionGrove(Lion-likeStoneCollectionGarden),Suzhou,BuiltinYuanDynasty(in1342A,D.)2020/2/1116狮子林元代TheLionGrove,Suzhou2020/2/1117扬州个园TheHalf-bambooGarden,since1818,Yangzhou“Thereisnorulewithoutsomeexception”,Yangzhouislocatedinthenorthern.2020/2/1118出现于佛教传入和道教产生以后，典型代表山西晋祠，最早是纪念晋国创始人唐叔虞的祠庙。1.3寺庙园林GardensAttachedtoReligions——Temple/Monastery/Mosque…TemplegardensappearedaftertheintroductionofBuddhismandtheestablishmentofTaoism.TypicaloneisJinTemple(466/472？~527A.D.)inShanxiProvince,whichoriginallywasusedtocommemoratingTangShuyu,founderoftheJinDynasty.2020/2/1119布达拉宫——ThePotalaPalace,Buddhism,Lassa,TheTibetAutonomousRegion2020/2/1120武当山——WudangMountain,Daoism,Shiyan,HubeiProvince2020/2/1121曲阜孔庙大成殿——Confucianism.TheDachengHall,themainhalloftheTempleofConfuciusinQufu,ShandongProvince2020/2/1122出现于唐代，长安城外的“曲江池”是典型代表。另有杭州西湖和济南大明湖等。1.4公共园林PublicGardens(PublicParks)PublicgardensemergedinTangDynasty，thetypicaloneisthe“PoolbyCurvedRiver”,Xi’an,Shaanxi.Besides,thereare“WestLakePark”inHangzhou,Zhejiangand“GrandMingLakePark”inJinan,Shandong,etc..2020/2/1123杭州西湖The“WestLake”inHangzhou,Zhejiang2020/2/1124济南大明湖The“DaMingLake”inJinan,Shandong2020/2/11252.1追求人与自然的统一和融合2.中国园林的艺术特点ArtisticCharacteristicsofChineseGardens中国园林的根本造园思想可以概括为八个字：“虽由人作，宛自天开。”反对任何的牵强附会和故意雕琢。这一造园思想实际上是“天人合一”的哲学观念在园林艺术中的体现。所以中国园林多从自然界中寻找美感。Chinesegardeningideacanbesummarizedintothewords:Nature-oriented,thoughartificial-made.Thedesignersdon’tlikeanyfar-fetchedanddeliberatelycarving,whichhasactuallybecomethephilosophyofChinesegardenarts,namely,“EmbodyingHeavenandPeopleintoOne.SoagoodChinesegardendesignershouldalwaysputitasfi