医药学专业英语

-1-药学英语-2-TableofContentsLesson1PharmacyinChina…………………………………………………Lesson2Vitamins………………………………………………………………Lesson3FoodsThatFightCancer…………………………………………Lesson4GoodDrugsDangerousDosesAgrowingthreattopublicandpersonalhealth…………………………Lesson5GreenPharmacyHerbalMedicine…………………………………Lesson6TraditionalChineseHerbalMedicine……………………………..Lesson7NaturalProducts……………………………………………………-3-LESSONONETEXTPharmacyinChinaTheeducationalsystemwasperhapsthefirstshockIencounteredinChina.TheschoolsofpharmacyinthePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)areoperatedbytwodifferentgovernmentalagencies.TheStatePharmaceuticalAdministration,anagencyofthecentralgovernment,operatestwopharmaceuticaluniversitiesthathave4000and4500studentsrespectively.Thesetwoschools,inShenyanginNortheastChinaandinNanjinginEastChina,existtoprepareindustrialpharmacistsforpositionswithinthepharmaceuticalindustry.Inaddition,anotherapproximately50collegesofpharmacythroughoutthevariousprovincesofthePRCareoperatedbytheMinistryofPublicHealth.There,collegesofpharmacyarealmostequallydividedbetweenwesternmedicineorientedschools1andthosewhichteachfuturepharmaciststheartandskillsofChineseherbalmedicine.MostofthewesternmedicineorientedschoolsaredepartmentswithinlargemedicalfacultieswherethetraditionalChineseMedicineschoolsaresometimesfoundatmedicalfaculties.SIMILARTOTHEU.S.ThenextsurprisewasthatthecurriculaatthecollegesofpharmacyinChinawerenotsodifferentfromthoseencounteredbypharmacystudentsintheU.S.Infact,theAmericanstudentwouldprobablybepleasedtolearnthatthestateboardexamination2prevalentheredoesnotexistinChina;rather,graduationandsuccessfulcompletionofstudiesenableonetobecomeafullyqualifiedandregisteredpharmacypractitioner.Furthermore,recentgraduateshavemoreoptionsinseekingemploymentthanthosewhowereusuallyassignedtoanemploymentsitebasedonexistingneedsofstate-runpharmaceuticalenterprises.TheguidedsearchforemploymentupongraduationisoneofthemajorchangesinChina’shighereducation,embracedbymostcollegegraduates.VirtuallyallofthegraduatesofthetwopharmaceuticaluniversitiesoperatedbytheStatePharmaceuticalAdministrationareemployedwithinthe-4-pharmaceuticalindustry.Graduatesoftheotherschoolsofpharmacygenerallyfindemploymentinhospitalsandclinics.Youareprobablyasking:“Whataboutcommunitypharmacy3?”Well,theansweristhatpeopleusuallyreceivemedicalcareinclinicsattheirplaceofemployment,withinvariousneighborhoodhealthcenters,orasoutpatientsatlargehospitals.Allofthesesitesemploypharmacistswhodispensedrugs.Therefore,itisnotoftenthatapatientneedstogotoacommunitypharmacyshoptoobtainmedications.EASTANDWESTMostofthecommunitypharmacieshavetwodepartmentsortwoareas,andthisisalsothecaseinhospitalsandclinics.OnonesideofthepharmacywefindsomethingwhichverymuchresemblesanypharmacythatwewouldseeintheU.S.orinWesternEurope;butontheothersideoftheroom,orinthenextroom,isastrangesight-drawersanddrawersofherbsanditemssuchasdriedportionsofsmallanimals,antlers,roots,andpiecesofvariousotherdriedobjects.ThesearecompoundedbyspecialistsintraditionalChinesemedicine;powdersaremade,forswallowingbypatients.Itiseasyforustolaughatthislattertypeoftherapy,butitretainsitsfaithfulfollowersandisconsideredtobeequalinimportancetothewesterndrugsandwesternmedicinepracticedinChina.Ifonechoosestopurchaseadruganddoesnotfeeltheneedtovisitthephysicianataclinic,onecangototheseveralcommunitypharmacieswhicharelocatedonthemainshoppingstreetsindowntownareasandaskfordrugs.Virtuallyalldrugsexceptnarcoticsandotherscheduledsubstances4arelegallyavailablewithoutaprescription.Thepatientmaywalkintothepharmacyandaskforampicillinbynameandbesoldasmallbottlecontaining12,16or24capsules.Orhemayaskthepharmacisttorecommendanantibioticforachildwithaninfection,sorethroat,etc.WhilethisisratherunusualinourAmericanorientation,itwasnotacompletesurprisetome,asIhaveseenRxdrugs5beingsoldover-the-counterinmanypartsoftheworld.Iadmit,though,thatIwascuriousaboutthepotentialfor-5-abuse.IwasassuredbynumerousindividualsthattheChinesepopulationhadbetterthingstospendtheirmoneyonthantakingneedlessdrugs,andthattherewasaminimalifnotalmostnon-existentchemicaldependencyproblem6.SCOPEOFSPASomethingoughttobesaidabouttheStatePharmaceuticalAdministration(SPA)whichwasmentionedearlier.ItisacombinationoftheFoodandDrugAdministration,theentirepharmaceuticalindustry,researchlaboratories,pilotfactories7andeducationalinstitutions-allrolledintoone.TheBeijing-basedSPAisahugeunitwithinthecentralgovernment.SPAoperatesthousandsofpharmaceuticalfactoriesanddictatesproductionschedules8.Itarrangescontractsforrawmaterialsandintermediateproducts9andalsonegotiatesforthesaleoffinisheddosageformstothepharmaciesandforexport.OtherdivisionsmaintainqualitycontrolandqualityassurancewhileyetotherdivisionsoverseeSPA’stwomassivepharmaceuticaluniversitiesaswellastheironcampuspilotplantsusedfortrainingandfortheproductionofdrugsforclinicaltrials.TheSPAalsohasatechnologybranchwhichconductsresearchintoimprovingproductiontechniquesandevaluatingnewtechnology.Duringthethree-weekvisit,Igaveaboutadozenlectures.Atmanyofthem,questionsaboutAmeri