Unit6 Text ( Engineering )

Unit6Text(Engineering)Warm-upQuestions:1.Whatisengineering?What’sthecontentofit?Whatassociationcouldyoumakebetweenengineeringandourlife?Pleasecite[引用]someexamples.2.Inyouropinion，whatisthejobofanengineer?Areyouanengineer?Whatdoyoudoinyourwork?3.DoyouknowIndustrialRevolution?WhoaresomefamousrepresentativesoftheIndustrialRevolution?Whateffectdidtherevolutionhaveonpeople’slife?4.Whatabilitiesortraits[特点]mayhelpapersonbecomeasuccessfulengineers?Doyouthinkthatyouareasuccessfulengineer?EngineeringByWalterMonfried•Engineeringistheprofession（专业）thatputsscientificknowledgetopracticaluse[投入使用].Engineersuseprinciplesofscience[科学原理]todesignstructures[建筑物],machines,andproductsofallkinds.Theylookforbetterwaystouseexistingresourcesandoftendevelopnewmaterials.Engineershavehadadirectroleinthecreationofmostofmoderntechnology—thetools，materials，techniques，andpowersourcesthatmakeourliveseasier.Thefieldofengineeringincludesawidevarietyof[各种各样的]activities.Forexample,engineeringprojectsrangefromtheconstructionofhugedams[巨大的水坝]tothedesignoftinyelectroniccircuits[微型电路].Engineersmayhelpproduceguidedmissiles[导弹],industrialrobots[机器人],orartificiallimbsforthephysicallyhandicapped.Theydevelopcomplexscientificequipmenttoexplorethereachesofouterspaceandthedepthsoftheoceans.Engineersalsoplanourelectricpower[电力]andwatersupplysystems,anddoresearchtoimproveautomobiles,televisionsets,andotherconsumerproducts[消费品].Theymayworktoreduceenvironmentalpollution,increasetheworld’sfoodsupply,andmaketransportationfasterandsafer.Thehistoryofengineeringistherecordofhumaningenuitythroughtheages（世世代代）.Eveninprehistorictimes，peopleadoptedbasicengineeringtechniquesfromthingsthatwereavailableinnature.Forexample，sturdysticks(结实的棍子）becameleverstoliftlargerocks，andlogswereusedasrollerstomoveheavyloads.Thedevelopmentofagricultureandthegrowthofcivilizationbroughtaboutanewwaveofengineeringefforts.Peopleinventedfarmingtools,designedelaborateirrigationnetworks，andbuiltthefirstcities.TheconstructionofthegiganticEgyptianpyramidsatGizaduringthe2500sB.C.wasoneofthegreatestengineeringfeats(工程奇迹）ofancienttimes.InancientRome，engineersbuiltlargeaqueducts[水渠]andbridgesandvastsystemsofroads.Duringthe200sB.C.,theChineseerectedmajorsectionsofthemonumentalGreatWallofChina.Earlyengineersusedsuchsimplemachinesastheinclinedplane(斜面）,wedge（楔子）,andwheelandaxle.DuringtheMiddleAges，aperiodinEuropeanhistorythatlastedfromtheA.D.400s[5世纪]tothe1500s[16世纪],inventorsdevelopedmachinestoharnesswater,wind,andanimalpower.ThegrowinginterestinnewtypesofmachinesandnewsourcesofpowertodrivethemhelpedbringabouttheIndustrialRevolutionofthe1700sand1800s，duringwhich，theirroleexpandedrapidly.ThepracticalsteamenginedevelopedbytheScottishengineerJamesWattinthe1760srevolutionizedtransportationandindustrybyprovidingacheap，efficientsourceofpower.Newiron-making(炼铁)techniquesprovidedengineerswiththematerialtoimprovemachinesandtoolsandtobuildbridgesandships.Manyroads,railroads,andcanalswereconstructedtolinkthegrowingindustrialcities.DistinctbranchesofengineeringbegantodevelopduringtheIndustrialRevolution.Thetermcivilengineer[土木工程]wasfirstusedabout1750byJohnSmeaton，aBritishengineer.Mechanicalengineersemergedasspecialistsinindustrialmachinery，andminingandmetallurgicalengineerswereneededtosupplymetalsandfuels.Bythelate1800s,thedevelopmentofelectricpowerandadvancesinchemicalprocessinghadcreatedthefieldsofelectricalandchemicalengineering.Professionalschoolsbegantobefoundedasthedemandforengineerssteadilyincreased.Since1900,thenumberofengineersandofengineeringspecialtieshasexpandeddramatically.Artificialhearts,airplanes,computers,lasers,nuclearenergy,plastics,spacetravel,andtelevisionareonlyafewofthescientificandtechnologicalbreakthroughsthatengineershavehelpedbringaboutinthiscentury.Becausescienceandtechnologyareprogressingandchangingsorapidly,today’sengineersmuststudythroughouttheircareerstomakesurethattheirknowledgeandexpertisedonotbecomeobsolete.Theyfacethechallengingtaskofkeepingpacewiththelatestadvanceswhileworkingtoshapethetechnologyofthefuture.Thefieldofengineeringoffersabroadrangeofjobopportunities.Engineersmayworkinfactories,offices,andgovernmentlaboratoriesoratconstructionsites.Someengineersareinvolvedintheresearchanddevelopmentofnewproducts.Othersareresponsibleforturningplansandspecificationsfornewstructures,machines,orsystemsintoreality.Stillothersusetheirbackgroundandtrainingtosellandservicetechnicalequipment.Manyengineersworkonprojectsinteamsthatincludescientists,technicians,andotherengineers,however.someengineersactasindependentconsultantswhoselltheirservicestopeoplewhoneedengineeringassistance.Engineersmayalsoholdteachingpositionsormoveupintomanagementpositionsinbusiness.Certainabilitiesandtraitshelpqualify[使胜任]apersonforanengineeringcareer.Engineersmusthavetechnicalaptitudeandskillinmathematicsandthesciences.Theyshouldbecuriousaboutthe“how”and“why”ofnaturalandmechanicalthingsandcreativeinfindingnewwaysofdoingthings，abletoanalyzeproblemssystematicallyandlogicallyandtocommunicatewell-bothorallyandinwriting