1第十一章取代羧酸2取代羧酸:羧酸分子中烃基上的氢原子被其他原子或原子团取代得到的衍生物。羧酸衍生物:羧酸分子中羧基中羟基被其他基团取代得到的衍生物。RCHCOOHXRCHCOOHOHCOOHHORCHCOOHNH2RCCOOHO卤代酸羟基酸醇酸羟基酸酚酸氨基酸羰基酸3I羟基酸(醇酸,酚酸)醇酸一.醇酸的分类和命名分类:RCHCOOHOHRCHCH2OHCOOHRCHCH2OHCH2COOH-羟基酸-羟基酸-羟基酸4命名:羧酸作母体,羟基作取代基(注意俗名)CH3CHCOOHOH2-羟基丙酸-羟基丙酸乳酸CHCOOHCH2HOCOOH羟基丁二酸苹果酸CHCOOHCHHOCOOHHOCCOOHCH2HOCOOHCH2COOH2,3-二羟基丁二酸酒石酸3-羧基3-羟基戊二酸2-羟基-1,2,3-丙烷三羧酸柠檬酸5二.化学性质1.酸性(羟基的吸电子诱导效应使酸性增强)CH3CHCOOHOHCH3CH2COOHCH2CH2COOHOHKa1.410-51.3810-43.110-562.-羟基酸的氧化反应CH3CHCOOHOHTollens试剂CH3CCOOHO乳酸丙酮酸3.-羟基酸的分解反应RCHCOOHOH稀H2SO4RCHO+HCOOHRCCOOHOH稀H2SO4R+HCOOHR'CR'O73.失水反应(1).-羟基酸成交酯RCHCOHCHCOHROOHOHORCHCOCHCOROO交酯(六元环)8(2)-羟基酸成,-不饱和酸RCHCHOHHCOOHRCHCHCOOH(3),d-羟基酸成内酯RCHOHCH2CH2COHORCHOCH2CH2CO-内酯(五元环)9RCHOHCH2CH2CH2COHORCHOCH2CH2CH2COd-内酯(六元环)酚酸(略)COOHOHCOOHOHOHHO水杨酸五倍子酸10II羰基酸定义:脂肪族羧酸碳链上含有羰基的化合物分类:HCOCH2COOHCH3COCOOHCH3COCH2COOHCH3COCH2CH2COOH-酮酸-酮酸-酮酸醛酸酮酸11命名:HCOCH2COOHCH3COCH2COOH丙醛酸3-氧代丙酸3-羰基丙酸甲酰乙酸3-丁酮酸-丁酮酸3-氧代丁酸3-羰基丁酸乙酰乙酸12一.乙醛酸CHOCOOHNaOHCH2OHCOOH+COONaCOONaCHOCOOHCH(OH)2COOH乙醛酸水合乙醛酸13二.丙酮酸1.制备CH3COCOOHCH3CHCOOHOHTollens试剂乳酸丙酮酸COOHCHOHCHOHCOOH-H2OCOOHCCHCOOHOHCOOHCCH2COOHO-CO2重排COOHCCH3O142.性质(1)脱羧反应CH3COCOOH稀H2SO4CH3CHO+CO2(2)脱羰CH3COCOOH浓H2SO4CH3COOH+COor(3)氧化CH3COCOOH[O]Fe2++H2O2CH3COOH+CO215三.乙酰乙酸及其酯1.乙酰乙酸不稳定,易脱羧(-酮酸共性)。CH3COCH2COOHCH3COCH3+CO2RCOCH2COOHRCOCH3+CO216-酮酸脱羧机理RCOCH2COOHRCOCH2COOHRCHOCH2+CO2RCOCH3协同反应172.乙酰乙酸乙酯(1)制备CH3COCH2COOC2H52CH3COOC2H5C2H5ONa+C2H5ONaC2H5O-+Na+CH2COOC2H5HC2H5O-CH2COOC2H5CH3COOC2H5CH2COOC2H5+CH3COOC2H5CH2COOC2H5CH3COCH2COOC2H5C2H5O-Claisen酯缩合18(2)乙酰乙酸乙酯结构—酮式与烯醇式互变异构CH3COCH2COOC2H5CH3COCHCOOC2H5H酮式(92.5%)烯醇式(7.5%)+NaH2+FeCl3+Br2显色褪色+羟胺肟+苯肼苯腙可通过一定方法分离到酮式或烯醇式异构体CH3COCH3CH3COHCH219CH3COCH2COOC2H5稀酸CH3COCH2COOHCH3COCH3-CO2CH3COCH2COONa稀NaOHH3+OCH3COCH2COOC2H5浓碱2CH3COOH+C2H5OH(3)乙酰乙酸乙酯的分解反应成酮分解成酸分解20(4)乙酰乙酸乙酯在合成上的应用A:成酮分解CH3COCH2COOC2H5C2H5ONaCH3COCHCOOC2H5RXCH3COCHCOOC2H5R稀酸CH3COCH2R+CO2+C2H5OH21H3COC2H5OONaOEt(1)稀OH(2)H+,H3COR单取代丙酮RXNaOEtRXH3COC2H5OOR(1)稀OH(2)H+,H3CORH3COC2H5OORR'R'二取代丙酮R'XNaOEt合成甲基酮类化合物22H3COC2H5OONaOEt(1)稀OH(2)H+,XH3COC2H5OOX(CH2)nX(CH2)nNaOEtH3COC2H5OOH3CO(CH2)n(CH2)nn=2~5合成环烷基甲基酮23合成甲基二酮类化合物考虑:(1)稀OH(2)H+,(CH2)nH3COC2H5OONaOEtXX(CH2)n2H3COC2H5OOX(CH2)nH3COC2H5OOH3COC2H5OO(CH2)nH3COH3CO甲基二酮NaOEt+H3COC2H5OOH3COC2H5OONaOEtRXXX(CH2)n1/2NaOEt(1)稀OH(2)H+,?24通过酰基化制备-二酮类化合物H3COC2H5OOROClNaHH3COC2H5OORO(1)稀OH(2)H+,H3CORONaHR'XH3COROR'25制备-酮酸类化合物H3COOC2H5ONaOEtH3COOC2H5OOC2H5OBrH3COOC2H5OOOC2H5(1)稀OH-(2)H+H3COOHO-酮酸26制备-二酮类化合物H3COOC2H5ONaOEtH3COOC2H5OROBrH3COOC2H5OOR(1)稀OH-(2)H+H3CORO-二酮27H3COC2H5OONaOEt(1)稀OH(2)H+,H3CORRXH3COC2H5OOR(1)浓OH(2)H+,H3COOHOROH+酮式水解酸式水解合成上用于制备取代乙酸B:成酸分解28(CH2)nH3COC2H5OOH3COC2H5OOH3COC2H5OO(CH2)nH3COC2H5OORR•请分析以下几种类型化合物在用浓碱水解(酸式水解)时所生成的产物,合成上可用来制备何种类型的化合物?29合成取代乙酸EtOOEtOONaOEt(1)OH(2)OHOR单取代乙酸RXEtOOEtOOR(1)OH(2)OHOR二取代乙酸EtOOEtOORR'R'H+,H+,R'XEtOOEtOONaOEtXX(CH2)nHOO(CH2)n(1)OH(2)H+,(5)丙二酸二酯合成法30制备二元羧酸2XX(CH2)nNaOEtEtOOEtOO(1)OH(2)H+,(CH2)nHOOHOONaOEtEtOOEtOORXX(CH2)nNaOEt22?X考虑:31习题3,5