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语法专项突破系列5.非谓语动词考点1非谓语动词作状语★★★★★1.不定式作状语功能用法原因状语多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后目的状语可与soasto/inorderto替换,但soasto一般不可置于句首结果状语常表示意想不到的结果,常用onlytodoIwassatisfiedtohearthenews.(原因状语)TomeetthemoviestarIgotupveryearly.(目的状语)Irushedtoschoolonlytofindnobodywasthere.(结果状语)【点津】不定式表结果的固定结构:only/justto...;too...to...;so/suchasto...;...enough(forsb.)to...2.分词作状语功能用法现在分词作状语,用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随、结果等现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系,且含有进行之意功能用法过去分词作状语,用来表时间、条件、原因、伴随等过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系,且含有完成之意功能用法源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语,表示句子主语所处的一种状态不表示被动关系,其前不用being,常见的有:seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、devoted(专注的)、lost/absorbedin(沉溺于)、bornin(出身于)、dressedin(穿着)、tiredof(厌烦了)等Notknowingwhattodo,Ihadtowaithere.Givenmoreattention,thechildrencouldhavegrownbetter.Absorbedinreading,wealldidn’thearthesound.Havingdrivenallday,wewererathertired.【点津】①把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系,区别现在分词与过去分词;②不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果,现在分词作结果状语为客观上、顺其自然而产生的结果;③准确理解形容词化的过去分词作状语的用法;④现在分词的完成式havingdone或者完成被动式havingbeendone,都是表示分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系,同时分词动作先于句子谓语动词主动或者被动发生。3.有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有:generallyspeaking一般来说franklyspeaking坦白地说judgingfrom/by...根据……来判断considering.../taking...intoconsideration考虑到……totellyouthetruth说实话seeing...鉴于/由于……supposing假设,如果assuming假使given考虑到,鉴于provided(that...)如果4.独立主格结构独立主格结构的特点:①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或被动关系;③独立主格结构一般有逗号与句子分开。独立主格结构的构成:①名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词;②名词/代词+形容词;③名词/代词+副词;④名词/代词+不定式;⑤名词/代词+介词短语;⑥with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语。Thetestfinished(=Whenthetestwasfinished),webeganourholiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。Thepresidentassassinated(=Afterthepresidentwasassassinated),thewholecountrywasindeepsorrow.总统被刺杀了,全国上下沉浸在深深的悲痛之中。Weatherpermitting(=Ifweatherpermits),wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。【典题印证】用所给词的适当形式填空(2014·天津高考)Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only(find)itdidn’tfit.解题关键:根据句中的Anxiously,shetookthedressoutof...(她迫不及待地从……拿出裙子)和itdidn’tfit(它不合身)可知是出现了意料之外的结果,故用onlytodo。onlytodo/onlytobedone表示意料之外的结果。答案判定:句意:她迫不及待地从包裹里拿出裙子,试穿了一下,结果发现它不合身。故填tofind。【高考集训】用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2014·福建高考)____________(spend)thepastyearasanexchangestudentinHongKong,Lindaappearsmorematurethanthoseofherage.2.(2014·湖南高考)_______(free)ourselvesfromthephysicalandmentaltensions,weeachneeddeepthoughtandinnerquietness.3.(2014·天津高考)Clearlyandthoughtfully_______(write),thebookinspiresconfidenceinstudentswhowishtoseektheirownanswers.HavingspentTofreewritten4.(2014·四川高考)—Ihopetotakethecomputercourse.—Goodidea._______(find)outmoreaboutit,visitthiswebsite.5.(2014·重庆高考)Groupactivitieswillbeorganizedafterclass______(help)childrendevelopteamspirit.6.(2012·四川高考)Tomtookataxitotheairport,only______(find)hisplanehighupinthesky.Tofindtohelptofind考点2非谓语动词作定语★★★★定语形式功能现在分词一般式doing表示动作是主动进行的行为或者正在进行当中现在分词一般式的被动结构beingdone表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中定语形式功能过去分词一般式done表示动作是被动完成的行为或者单纯表示已经完成动词不定式todo表示将要发生的动作动词不定式一般式的被动结构tobedone表示将要被做的动作Theboy(sittingbythewindow)isTom.Thematter(beingdiscussednow)isofgreatimportance.Theboy(namedTom)washurtinthecaraccident.Everything(tobedone)iswell-prepared.【点津】①准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系;②准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间,即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。【典题印证】用所给词的适当形式填空(2014·山东高考)There’sanotepinnedtothedoor(say)whentheshopwillopenagain.解题关键:首先分析句子结构可知Therebe句型中有谓语动词is,然后根据语意可知要用非谓语动词作后置定语修饰note。从逻辑关系上看,note与say之间是主动关系,用现在分词结构作后置定语。另外,题干中的过去分词短语pinnedtothedoor也作note的后置定语。答案判定:句意:门上钉着一个便条,上面写着这家商店何时将再开张。所以填saying。【高考集训】用所给词的适当形式填空1.(2014·北京高考)Therearestillmanyproblems___________(solve)beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.2.(2014·大纲版全国卷)Todaytherearemoreairplanes________(carry)morepeoplethaneverbeforeintheskies.tobesolvedcarrying3.(2014·浙江高考)AnnieSalmon,disabled,isattendedthroughoutherschooldaysbyanurse_________(appoint)toguardher.4.(2014·北京高考)Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeople________(watch)theopeningceremonyliveonTV.5.(2014·重庆高考)Theproducercomesregularlytocollectthecameras________(return)toourshopforqualityproblems.appointedwatchingreturned6.(2013·辽宁高考)LaurawasawayinParisforoveraweek.Whenshegothome,therewasapileofmail_______(wait)forher.7.(2013·天津高考)Insomelanguages,100wordsmakeuphalfofallwords____(use)indailyconversations.8.(2013·陕西高考)Thewitnesses__________(question)bythepolicejustnowgaveverydifferentdescriptionsofthefight.waitingusedquestioned考点3非谓语动词作补语★★★1.“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词(see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listento,feel)等后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中to还原),doing表主动或正在进行,done表被动或完成。Themissingboywaslastseenplayingneartheriver.2.热点动词let,make,have,get,leave,keep,find后接非谓语动词形式作补足语。Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearn.Healwaysworkshard.3.固定短语,如advise/allow/encourage/request/warnsb.todosth.等。Thepatientwaswarnednottoeatoilyfood.4.with复合结构常用形式:Johnreceivedaninvitationtodinner,andwithhisworkfinished,hegladlyacceptedit.Withalotofdifficultproblemstosettle,thenewlyelectedpresidentishavingahardtime.Withthelittleboyleadingtheway,wehadnodifficultyfindingthevillage.【点津】①注意作补足语的三种非谓语动词形式todo,doing,done之间的区别,把握动作是主动、被动还是进行。②具体分析作宾语补足语的动词与逻辑主语即句子宾语之间的逻辑关系,再结合动作发生的时间(未发生、正在发生或已经发生)来选择合适的形式。【典题印证】用所给词的适当形式填空(2014·江西高考)Heisthought(act)foolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingth