生药学)

생약학生藥學)PharmacognosyPharmaceuticalBiologyMateriaMedicaEthnobotanyNaturalResourcesMicro-Organism(Journeybeyondyourimagination생약의기원(基源)CrudeDrug–인류의역사NaturalProducts生藥과韓藥생약-자연에서채취한약용자원을그대로또는가공하여사용하는약재한약–생약중에서한방치료목적에사용되는약재생약의역사(서양)ErbesPapyrus1862GeorgeErbes발견BC1552년경처방811종,약품700종수록DeMateriaMedica(AD77-78)Dioscorides(AD40-90)1500년간사용생약의역사(서양)CarlLinnaneus(1707-1778)GenerPlantarum(1754)Bionominalsystemofnomenclature생약의역사(서양)F.W.Sertuerner(1783-1841)1817GilbertsAnnalenderPhysikMorphium(UniversityJena)CharlesLouisDerosne(1780-1846)Sylph생약의역사(서양)Strychnine–NuxVomicaEmetine–토근Quinine–키나피Nicotine–담배Hyoscyamine-벨라돈나Ethnobotany우리나라–향약(鄕藥)중국–본초학(本草學)유럽–Homeoepathy인도–Ayuveda파키스탄–Yunami인도네시아-Jamu생약의역사(동양)신농본초경365종생약상,중,하약신농본초경집주730종생약도홍경(456-536)본초강목1897종,처방11,096종이시진(1518-1593)생약의역사(한국)신라법사방백제–약방,의방,채약사고려–상약국(尙藥局),봉의서(奉醫署)조선–내약방,내의원향약채취월령–세종13년(1431),130종향약집성방–1433년,85권30책동의보감–허준(1546-1615),1610년동의수세보원–이제마(1838-1900)1894년(고종31)발간생약의특성과연구방법특성–자연산물기후,채취시기,채취방법,건조방법,가공법,보관방법에따라성분및함량이변함연구방법기원(基源),표준샘플,약효검정,성분분리,약리기전,구조와활성의상관관계,품질평가법확립,대량생산생약연구전망인간창의력의한계Paraclesus,TheopartusPhilippusAureoulusBombastusvon(1493-1541):자연은인간의스승난치병,성인병치료천연물신약,건강식품LeadCompounds(先導化合物)생약의기재생약명:국명,한자명(본초명),라틴명,영명,이명(異名),시장명(관습명)내력,기원(基源),용부(用部),제법산지(産地),성상(내외부형태학적특징)성분,품질평가,순도약효,용도,용법및용량제제,저장법,동류및유사생약생약의생산채집Collection채약사,Rhizomoi(심마니)껍질(皮),근및근경,잎(葉),꽃(花),과실,종자,삼출물(渗出物)건조및가공(修治)약제사,Pharmacopoi炮製:洗,潤,水飛,炮,炒,煨,酒炙,蒸,煎,製霜생약의품질異物,AdulterantsSophistication:고의로넣은것Admixture:우연한혼재(흙)Substitution:위물(僞物)Deterioration:저하된품질Spoilage:손상,부패된것Inferiority:열등품생약의품질평가이물(異物),Adulterants회분,산불용성회분무기물(500-550도),토사류(土砂類)건조감량,정유함량,엑스함량형태학적품질평가외부형태학적품질평가:특징내부형태학적품질평가:현미경관찰생약의품질평가(외부형태)Sword-shaped(ensiformis)Long,thin,pointedLance-shaped(lanceolata)Long,widerinthemiddleOvate(ovata)Oval,withataperingpointElliptic(elliptica)Oval,withashortpointRound(rotundifolia)Circular.Cordate(cordata)Heart-shaped.Oblanceolate(oblanceolata)TopwiderthanbottomSpathulate(spathulata)Spoon-shapedRhomboid(rhomboidalis)Diamond-shapedLobed(lobata)WithseveralpointsSpear-shaped(hastata)Pointed,withbarbsPinnatisect(pinnatifida)Cut,butnottothemidrib생약의외부형태Pinnate(pinnata)2rowsofleafletsBipinnate(bipinnata)EachleafletalsopinnateTripinnate(tripinnata)Eachleafletdividedinto3Trifoliate(trifoliata)Dividedinto3leafletsPalmate(palmata)DividedintomanylobesDigitate(digitata)Dividedinto5lobesOpposite(oppositifolia)LeavesoppositeoneanotherAlternate(alternifolia)ArrangedalternatelyPerfoliate(perfoliata)StemthroughtheleavesPeltate(peltata)Rounded,stemunderneathWhorled.IncirclesroundthestemRosette.Leavesincloserings생약의외부형태(꽃)생약의외부형태(花序)식물의분류Besseyanprinciples1.woodytonon-woody;perennialtoannual;terrestrial(地上)toaquaticorepiphytic,saprophytic(腐敗)andparasiticconditions목질여부,다년생여부,지상,수생,기생식물,부생식물2.cylindrictoscatteredvascularbundle(s)3.alternateleavestooppositeorwhorled;simpleleavestocompoundleaves4.bisexualflowerstounisexualinmostinstances5.Perianth(花皮)partsmanyandspirallyarrangedtofewandwhorledwithactinomorphic(regular)tozygomorphic(irregular)flowers6.separateperianthparts,poorlydifferentiatedintosepals(꽃받침)andpetals(꽃잎),tofusedperianthparts,sharplydifferentiated;petaloustoapetalous7.manyseparatestamens(수술)tofewunitedstamens8.hypogynytoperigynyandepigyny(e.g.superiortoinferior)자방상위,자방하위9.numerousandseparatecarpels(心皮)tofewandfusedcarpels10.pollengrainswithoneporetograinswithtwoormorepores11.smallembryoinabundantendosperminarillate(가종피)seedstolargeembryowithoutendosperminnon-arillateseeds12.axileplacentationtofree-centralplacentation13.singlefruitstoaggregatefruits;capsulestodrupe(核果)orberry14.pro-anthocyanincompoundstoanthocyanincompounds생약의품질평가(내부형태)1590년HansYanssen:현미경RobertHook(1635-1703),1665년MicrophiavaculolemitochondrinnucleuschloroplastGolgiapparatusMitochodrin,Kreb’sCyleChloroplast전형적인전형적인식물세포식물세포((진핵세포진핵세포))Sorghum(Sorghum)수수endospermcontainsmanysimplegrains.(Panicoideae)Wheat(Triticum)hassimplestarchgrainsthatarewidelyvariableinsize.Smallimpressionsonthelargegraininthecenterwerecausedbypressurefromothersimplestarchgrainsbeforetheendospermwaspreparedforscanningelectronmicroscopy.(Festucoideae:notethatmanyfestucoidshavecompoundgrains)Fescue(Festuca)김의털hascompoundgrainscomposedofmany,smallerangulargranules.Notethetwolargecompoundgrainsinthecenterofthemicrograph.(Festucoideae)Stinkgrass(Eragrostis)참새그령displayscompoundgrainsconsistingofmanyangulargranules.(Eragrostoideae)생약의이화적품질평가정성:Mayer,Dragendorff,I2(Alkaloid)Liebermann-Burchard(Triterpenoid)Murexide(Xanthine),Keller-Killiani(Digitoxose),Grahe(Cinchonatannin)Thalleoquin(Quinine,Quinidine)Vitali(Tropicacid)정량:HPLC,TLC생약성분ChemotaxonomyClissificationTerpenoid,Steroid,PhenylpropanoidAlkaloid,GlycosideAntibiotic,Vitamin,HormonFirstMetabolite,SecondMetabolitePolyketide,shikimicacid,mevalonicacidAminoacid광합성반응광합성반응1.Photophorylation(明反應)2.CO2Fixation(暗反應)광합성–CapturingtheEnergyinLight명반응:광에너지----화학에너지(ATP,NADPH)식물대사의주요생화학반응Dehydration&HydrationReactionCondesation&HydrolyseAddition&EliminationC-ReactionAlkylation&DealkylationIsomerisationTheCalvin-BensonCycle