搜索
•WhyHistoriansDisagreeThepresenttextisbasedontheintroductiontoabookentitledConflictandConsensus(意见等的一致）inModernAmericanHistoryeditedbyAllenF.DavisandHaroldD.Woodman,professorsatTempleUniversityandPurdueUniversityrespectively,whoalsowrotetheintroduction.I.AuthorsWoodrowWilsonWoodrowWilson(1856-1924),America’s28thpresident(1913-1921),wasaprofessoroflaw,thepresidentofPrincetonUniversity,andthegovernorofNewJerseybeforehewaselectedtotheWhiteHouse.ZimmermanNoteTheZimmermanNotewasacommuniqué（公报）authoredbyGermanForeignSecretaryArthurZimmermanandinterceptedbyAmericanIntelligence.Thenotehadbeendesignedtoentice（诱使）MexicointodeclaringwaragainsttheUnitedStatesshouldtheU.S.declarewaronGermany.Asareward,MexicowouldthenreceiveArizona,NewMexico,andTexasafterthewar.Fulltext：OnthefirstofFebruaryweintendtobeginsubmarinewarfareunrestricted.Inspiteofthis,itisourintentiontoendeavortokeepneutraltheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Ifthisattemptisnotsuccessful,weproposeanallianceonthefollowingbasiswithMexico:Thatweshallmakewartogetherandtogethermakepeace.Weshallgivegeneralfinancialsupport,anditisunderstoodthatMexicoistoreconquerthelostterritoryinNewMexico,Texas,andArizona.Thedetailsarelefttoyouforsettlement.ZimmermanNoteYouareinstructedtoinformthePresidentofMexicooftheaboveinthegreatestconfidenceassoonasitiscertainthattherewillbeanoutbreakofwarwiththeUnitedStatesandsuggestthatthePresidentofMexico,onhisowninitiative,shouldcommunicatewithJapansuggestingadherenceatoncetothisplan;atthesametime,offertomediate（斡旋）betweenGermanyandJapan.•PleasecalltotheattentionofthePresidentofMexicothattheemploymentofruthlesssubmarinewarfarenowpromisestocompel（迫使）Englandtomakepeaceinafewmonths.•Zimmerman•(SentJanuary19,1917)immersev.a.toputsth.underthesurfaceofaliquid使浸入b.toinvolveoneselfdeeply(insth.)使专心于Heimmersedtheknifeinboilingwater.Immersetheclothinthedyefor20minutes.IwalkedintothestudyandfoundMr.Johnsonimmersedinhiswriting,asusual.WhenAlfredinheritedhisfather’sestate,heimmersedhimselfinpleasure.Aseaof(peopleofthings):averylargenumberofTheimmensesquarewasaseaofflowersandhappyfaces.Bywayof:througha.through,byrouteof,viab.asameansof;asatypeof;servingasbywayofExamples:YoucangetthisinformationbywayoftheInternet.Hesenthersomeflowersbywayofanapology.•Fat:•1.肥沃的•fatland肥沃的土地•Afatcountry富裕的国家•2.有利可图的•Afatcontract(bargain)有利可图的合同（交易）•3.thickandwell-filled厚的、大量的、内容充实的•Makeafatprofit获得暴利•Payafatprice付出很大的代价•Afatjob肥缺•4.nearlynonexistent不多、少•Afatchance（notlikely)•youknowafatlotaboutit.你一点儿也不懂。•Fat:overweight,heavy,plump,chubby,stout（壮实的）•obese(过分肥胖的）•Thin:slim,slender,bonyMoststudentsareusuallyintroducedtothestudyofhistorybywayofafattextbookandbecomequicklyimmersedinavastseaofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.Moststudentsusuallycometohavetheirfirstexperienceofthestudyofhistorythroughthereadingofathickhistorytextbookandsoonareoverwhelmedbyalargenumberofnames,dates,eventsandstatistics.thick(metaphor)agreatnumberof•simply:only;nothingbut•Itissimplyamatteroftime.•bringtogether:collect•on(upon)(fml.):directlyafter(andoftenasaresultof)•Onhearingthenews,sheburstintotears.•Disagree:•Istronglydisagreewiththelastspeaker.•BillandIoftendisagree,butwearegoodfriends.•Sharply:clearlyanddefinitely•Hisaggressivebehaviorcontrastedsharplywiththemildmannerofhisbrother.•Stateofaffairs:asituation情形、情况•Thereisnotmuchwecandointhepresentstateofaffairs.•Thisisaveryunpleasantstateofaffairs.Theircommon-sensereactiontothisstateofaffairsistoconcludethatonehistorianisrightwhiletheotheriswrong.Whenapersonisfacedwiththiskindofsituation,thenormal,practicalresponsewillbethatonehistorianisrightwhereastheotheriswrong.“whereasorand”,implyingacontrasttheirresponsebasedoncommonsensepresumablyadv.usedtosaythatyouthinksomethingisprobablytrue据推测、大概可能a.presumablen.presumptionv.presumePresumablythere’sagoodreasonforherabsence,asshedoesn’tusuallystayawayfromwork.Wordformationscontendv.a.tostruggle,tobeinrivalry争夺、竞争b.toargue,toassert争辩说Iknowthecharmsofmyrivalaretoopowerfulformetocontendwith.Threearmedgroupsarecontendingforpower.Someastronomerscontendthattheuniversemaybeyoungerthanpreviouslythought.contendinghistorians:historianswhoarefightingordebating•Moreorless:almost;toanundetermineddegree•1.或多或少•Theyweremoreorlesswillingtohelp.•他们多少愿意帮忙。•2.几乎、大约•Theworkismoreorlessfinished.•。。。差不多完成了lookingatsth.fromacertainangleExamples:Thenoveliswrittenfromachild’sperspective.Wehavetolookateverythingfromaninternationalperspective.Ifyoulookatthingsfromafeministperspectivetheyare,infact,notequal.fromafeminist/Christian/globalperspectiveFromdifferentpointsofview,angles,theoreticalstance,approaches,perspective(Theyallmeansimilarly.)froma…perspective•cut-and-dried:alreadysettledandunlikelytobechanged•1.事先安排好的、常规的、例行的；•Acut-and-driedmeeting例会•2.无生气的，呆板的•Hisspeechwascut-and-driedbecausehehadnothingnewtosay.•Acut-and-driedmatter:anordinarymatterThispositionishardlysatisfying.Thisisnotahappysolutionorhappysituation.Studentsexpecttobegivenclear-cutanswers,eitheryesorno.Butnowtheyhavetoshoparound(到处寻找）fortheproperanswer.Theanswerbecomesaper