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逻辑总纲费允杰第一部分：逻辑总纲第一章：做题步骤一．先读问题（通过英文标志词读出题型）。二．再读文章（随题型不同而发生变化）。三．再看选项。1．根据题型特点。2．排除法（通用排除法和无关词排除法）。3．白痴型思维。第二章：五大题型1．归纳2．演绎（假设，加强，削弱，评价）3．解释4．填空5．句子作用第一节：归纳英文标志词：conclusion;inferred;implied;supported;ifabovetrue,thenitisalsotrue.读文章方式：不要关心文章的推导过程，尽量减少思维，承认文章正确，只抓信息一．公共元素直推法。IfA,thenB.A→BOnlyifA,thenB.B→AMustbyA,inordertoB.B→AIfonlyA,thenB.A→BNotA,unlessB.A→BA,unlessB.→A,→BArequireB.A→BAisnecessarytoB.B→AAdepend/draw/baseonB.A→B例1.所有的人都去了。我是人。公共信息：人直接推结论：我去了。例2.Tobementallyhealthy,peoplemusthaveself-respect.Peoplecanmaintainself-respectonlybycontinuallyearningtherespectofotherstheyesteem.Theycanearnthisrespectonlybytreatingtheseothersmorally.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanbeproperlydrawnfromthestatementsabove?(A)Peoplewhoarementallyhealthywillbetreatedmorallybyothers.(B)Peoplewhoarementallyhealthywillhavetreatedmorallythosetheyesteem.(C)Peoplewhoarementallyhealthymusthaveself-respectinothertobetreatedmorallybyothers.(D)Peoplecanexpecttobetreatedmorallybyothersonlyiftheyesteemtheseothers.(E)Peoplewhohaveself-respectseldomtreatmorallythoseesteem.例3.Mosttelevisionviewersestimatehowfrequentlyaparticulartypeofaccidentorcrimeoccursbyhowextensivelyitisdiscussedontelevisionnewsshows.Televisionnewsshowsreportmoreonstoriesthatincludedramaticpicturessuchasfiresandmotorvehicleaccidentsthantheydoonmorecommonstoriesthathavelittlevisualdramasuchasbookkeepingfraud.Ifthestatementsabovearetrue,itcanbeproperlyconcludedthatwhichofthefollowingisalsotrue?(A)Thetimetelevisionnewsreportersspendresearchingnewsstoriesisdirectlyrelatedtothenumberofviewerswhowillbeaffectedbyeventslikethoseinthenewsstories.(B)Itiseasierforcrimessuchasbookkeepingfraudtogounprosecutedthanitiscrimessuchasarson.(C)Thenumberoffiresandmotorvehicleaccidentsgreatlyincreasesaftereachtelevisionnewsshowthatincludesdramaticpicturesofafireormotorvehicleaccident.(D)Viewersoftelevisionnewsshowtendtooverestimatethenumberoffiresandmotorvehicleaccidentsthatoccurrelativetothenumberofcrimesofbookkeepingfraud.(E)Theusualselectionofnewsstoriesfortelevisionnewsshowisdeterminedbythenumberofnewsreportersavailableforassignment.二．无关词排除法。例1.马克思说：这本书只从资产阶级的角度去考虑问题，是不正确的。问题：从文中能推出马克思认为这本书应从什么角度考虑问题？(A)奴隶主阶级(B)地主阶级(C)工人阶级(D)无产阶级(E)资产阶级以外的阶级例2.Experiencedpilotsoftenhavemoretroublethannovicepilotsinlearningtoflythenewlydevelopedultralightairplanes.Beingaccustomedtoheavieraircraft,experiencedpilots,whenflyingultralightcraft,seemnottorespectthewindasmuchastheyshould.Thepassageimpliesthattheheavieraircraftmentionedaboveare(A)hardertolandthanultralightaircraft(B)notaspopularwithpilotsasultralightaircraft(C)notassafeasultralightaircraft(D)morefuel-efficientthanultralightaircraft(E)easiertohandleinwindthanultralightaircraft第二节：演绎读文章方式：读懂文章的推导过程。一.第一种文章（前提结论结构）：标志词：sinceA,B;A,thereforeB;A,concludeB;A,clearB;A,obviouslyB;A,indicate/showBifA,thenB;byA,inordertoB;planA,toB.1.假设。英文标志词：assume,assumption,presuppose,additionalpremise,nottrueunless,dependon,relyon.桥梁型。A-B例1．NewJerseyhasoneofthelowestmotorvehiclefatalityratesinthecountry,anditisoneofthefewstatesthatrequireextensiveannualautomobilesafetyinspections.Therefore,allstatesshouldadoptsimilarsafetyinspectionprocedures.Theargumentaboveisbasedonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?(A)Moststatestendtoimposefewrulesandregulationsontheautomobiledriversoperatingwithinthosestates.(B)Moststatesareskepticalthatannualautomobilesafetyinspectionscanreducefatalityrates.(C)AnnualautomobilesafetyinspectionscontributesignificantlytoholdingdownNewJersey'sfatalityrate.(D)DriversinNewJerseyaremoresafetyconsciousthanaredriversinotherpartsofthecountry.(E)AsmallernumberofpeopledieontheroadsinNewJerseythaninmostotherstates.例2.Thefederalgovernmentexpectshospitalstoperform10,000organtransplantsnextyear.Butitisdoubtfulthatthismanydonororganswillbeavailable,sincethenumberoffatalitiesresultingfromcarandmotorcycleaccidentshasbeendroppingsteadilyoverthepastdecade.Theargumentabovemakeswhichofthefollowingassumptions?(A)Asignificantnumberoftheorgansusedintransplantscomefrompeoplewhodieincarandmotorcycleaccidents.(B)Thenumberofcarandmotorcycleaccidentswillincreasesignificantlyduringthenextyear.(C)Nomorethan10,000peoplewillbeinneedoforgantransplantsduringthenextyear.(D)Inthepastthefederalgovernment'sestimatesofthenumberoforgantransplantsneededduringagivenyearhavebeenveryunreliable.(E)Foranygivenfatalityresultingfromacarormotorcycleaccident,thereisahospitalinthevicinityinneedofanorganforatransplant.例3.因为别人的老婆都有别墅，所以我也应该有别墅。假设：我应该是别人的老婆。例4.Onthewhole,Ms.Dennisremarked,engineeringstudentsarelaziernowthattheyusedtobe.Iknowbecausefewerandfewerofmystudentsregularlydotheworktheyareassigned.Theconclusiondrawnabovedependsonwhichofthefollowingassumptions?(A)Engineeringstudentsareworkinglessbecause,inaboomingmarkettheyarespendingmoreandmoretimeinvestigatingdifferentjobopportunities.(B)Whetherornotstudentsdotheworktheyareassignedisagoodindicationofhowlazytheyare.(C)Engineeringstudentsshouldworkharderthanstudentsinlessdemandingfields.(D)Ms.Dennis'studentsaredoinglessworkbecaus