Chapter-6-Pragmatics(语用学)

Chapter6Pragmatics(语用学）Languageinuse6.1definition•Pragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencesorlanguagetoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.•Orprinciplesoflanguageuse/usage•Orthestudyoflanguageincontext:howlanguageisusedincontexttoconveyspecificmeaning:ACanyoutellmethetime?Bwellthemilkmanhascome.“Darling,todayisSunday”•Pragmatics:Howlangaugeisusedincommunication•Historyofpragmatics:•Morris(1938):•Semantics:therelationofsignstotheobjectstowhichthesignsareapplicable.•Pragmatics:therelationofsignstointerpreters.•1960’sAustin,Searle,Gricerelevanttheory,thepolitenessprinciple•Twotradition:TheAnglo-Americantradition:specifictopics:•Deixis(指示语）:here,there,come,go,this,that,one,heorshe•Speechacts(语言行为）passmethesalt.•Structureofconversation;implicature(含义），politeness，presupposition(预设）•Thecontinentaltakesageneralcognitive,social,culturalperspectiveonlanguageuse:everyleveloflanguageuse:phonetics,syntax,semantics,culture,context.•WearemainlyconcernedwiththeAnglo-Americantradition:thespecifictopics.Pragmaticsandsemantics•Bothareconcernedwithmeaning.•Meaninginsemanticsisdefinedpurelyasapropertyofexpressionsinagivenlanguage,inabstractionfromparticularsituations,speakers,hearers.•MeaninginPragmaticsisdefinedrelativetoaspeakerortheuserofthelanguage:meaninginrelationtospeechsituationsorcontext.•Semanticsincludespramatics.•Semanticsandpragmaticsarecomplementarytoeachother.•Pragmaticsincludessemanticscontext•Pragmaticsstudiesthemeaningincontext:ontextmeanttheweavingtogetherofwordsinlanguage.Thislinguisticcontext.•Contextnowmostcommonlyreferstotheenvironmentorsettinginwhichsomething(whetherwordsorevents)exists.•语境当下语境Context•speaker,•Hearer•Interrelationshipbetweenthespeakerandhearer•Situation•Modeoflanguage:speaking,wrting,telephoning,texting….•Where,whenandhow,whospeakswhattowhom,andwhy.•Contextdetermineshowlanguageisused;andhowlanguageisinterpreted:•“itiscoldinhere”•Closethewindow;•Turnontheair-conditioner;•Let’sleavehere;•Linguisticsisinteresting----itisdeadlyboring.You,you,notyou,arefired.Setnecemeaningandutterancemeaning•Sentencemeaning”meaningintheabstract•Utterance(话语,whatpeopleutter）:meaninginuse.•Sentencemeaningisdecontextualized,abstract,self-containedunitinlanguagesystem,rule-governed•Utterancemeaningiscontextualized,basedonsentencemeaning,therealizationofthesentencemeaninginacontext.•Mybagisheavey:•Heavy(bag)orHEAVY(BE,BAG)•1politerequestaskingforhelpordecline•2donotwalkfast,waitforme.3takesthoutofthebag.•A:Icouldeatthewholeofthecake.•B:Oh,thanks。•Q:whereismyboxofchocolates?A:Iwasfeelinghungry.•Ihavegotatraintocatch.•whereisyourdiet?•Thechildrenwereinyoiurroom.•Sentenceiscomplete•Utterancemaybecomplete,orfragmentarylike“hi”“Ouch”“goodmorning”•telephoneconversationAHelloBHello(Iknowwhoyouare)AOh,Hi(Iknowwhoyouaretoo)Speechacttheory(言语行为理论）•Twoturnsinphilosophy:1从本体论转向认识论•2从认识论转向语言论（哲学上概念混乱是由语言混乱引起的。用精确的语言描写概念）•Functionsoflanguage:representingtheworld----dothingswithlanguage:passmethesalt;Ipronounceyouhusbandandwife.Austin•Traditionally,astatementisusedeithertostateafactordescribeastateofaffairs.Itiseithertrueorfalse.•Austinfindthatsomestatementscannotbejudgedtrueorfalse.Theyareusedbyspeakerstodosomething,hencespeechacts.•Languagecanbeclassifiedintoconstatives(述事话语,表述句）andperfomatives(行事话语施为句）:theutteringofthesentenceisorispartofthedoingofanaction;theydonotstateordescribeanything,arenottrueorflase.•Constatives:IteachEnglish.•Theprisonerescapedyesterday•Performatives:Ido(takethiswomantobemylawfulweddedwife)InamethisshiptheQueenElizabeth.•Igiveandbequeathmywatchtomybrother.Isentenceyouto10yearsof…•Ibetyousixpenceitwillraintomorrow.•Iamsorryforbeinglate.Doit;•Ichallengeyoutoamatch;InominateJohnforthechairofthecommittee•Itisagreatdistinction:constativesandperformatives;Problems:allconstativescanbeconvertedintoperformatives:IstatethatIteachEnglish.ItellyouthatIgototheparkeveryday.Somesentencesareneitherconstativesorperformative:IconvincethatJohnisinnocent.•Aspeakerisperfomingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:locutionaryact(言内行为，言之发，以言指事）:theactofsayingsomething,utteringwords,phrases,conveyingliteralmeaningvialanguage•Illocutionaryact(言外行为）：theactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention:ordering,warning,convincing,persuading…•Perlocutionaryact(言后行为）:theactresultingfromsayingsomething,theconsequenceofsayingsomething.•Ex：Youhaveleftthedoorwideopen:•Locutionaryact:thesentenceitself•Illocutionaryact:askingthehearertoclosethedoor.•Perlocutionaryact:thehearerclosedthedoor.•Pragmatics:illocutionaryact:speaker’sintention…6.2.2Searle’sclassificationofspeechacts•Whenwearespeaking,wearedoingthings.•JohnSearleclassifiesspeechactsinto5:1representative/assertive(阐述类):stating,describing,swearing,believinghypothesizing:Istatetheearthisround.•2directive(指令):ordering,inviting,suggesting,requesting,advising,warning•Openthewindow,•You’dbettergotothecilinic.•Yourmoneyoryourlife•Wouldyouliketogotothepicnicwithus?•3Commissive(承诺):promising,vowingundertaking:IpromiseIwillcome,Iwillbringyouthebooktomorrowwithoutfail.•4expressive(表达类）expressing