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Madeby217●Originalusageinthe19th:Educationandculturedness“ofthelowerclasses●Currentmeaning:cultureformassconsumption●JohnStorey:Everythingfrom“commonculture”,to“folkculture”,to“massculture.”Inpost-WarWar2,Associatingwithcommercialculture.●HowispopularculturedefinedintheAmericancontext?Beingconsideredanauthenticcultureofthepeople.一﹑ThemaintypeofAmericapopularmusic(since1990)1.Jazz2.Rockmusic3.Rapmusic二﹑AmericanFilmThebackgroundofjazzJazzmusiccamefromthebackgroundofslaveswhowereusedtofocusingonthemusicunderthebondageforlongtime.TheychangedthenaturalmusicalscalefromEuropeandtookadvantageofthelocalballadandthereligiousmusicofthattime.Ontheseconditions,thejazzmusicturnedup.ThecharactersofjazzmusiccharactersBluenotessyncopationswingcallresponseimprovisationThedevelopmentofjazzfrom1920sto1950’s⑴NewOrleansJazz新奥尔良爵士NewOrleans(epicenter)ChicagoKansascityNewYorkJazzalsomovedintoindoorsandintotherecordingstudiothankstoThomasEdison'sinventionofthephonographcylinderwhichlaunchedthebirthofrecordedmusic.⑵swing:the1930sand1940swasanageofswing代表作：◆《黑色和棕色幻想曲》◆《蓝色的情绪》◆《孤独》◆《克里奥尔情歌》最伟大的爵士乐作曲家-埃林顿公爵（DuckEllington1899-1974）20世纪最伟大的艺人-法兰克．西那特拉（FrankSinatra1915-1998)代表作：◆StrangersInTheNight◆《乱世忠魂》⑶Be-bop:areactionofswingCharlieparkerwasthemainpersonwhodevelopedbe-bop.Be-bopensemblesweresmallgroupsofsoloistswhooftenimprovisedsimultaneously,pushingtheirinstrumentsandvoicestothelimitsoftheirphysicalcapabilitiesandaudiencestolerance.Be-bop,whichreactedagainsttheballads,dancenumbers,andnoveltytunesoftheearly1950s,wasthedevelopmentofrock’n’roll.TherearemanychangesinAmericanpopularmusicinthemiddleofthe20thcentury,suchasaninterestingfusionthathadtakenplacewiththeadventofrock’n’rollmusic.BackgroundofrockmusicRockmusic,whichwascateredtoayoungaudienceespeciallythepost-WWⅡbaby-boomers.Itstechnicalelementshadcomedownthroughthecommercialrock-androllandrhythm-andbluesofthe1950sfromthetwodeepestfountainsofAmericanpopularmusic,blackbluesandwhitecountrymusic.Butin1965s,thetwotraditionsfusedtocreatethegenrenowwidelyknownasrockmusic,largelythankstoemergenceofBobDylan.热门单曲：1.Makeyoufeelmylove2.Blowinginthewind3.Foreveryoung4.JustlikeawomanTheconstitu-tionsofrockmusicpopRhythm-and-bluesCountry-and-westernPopsongscamefrommovies,Broadwaymusicals,andpopcomposers.Thesongsweremanysimplemelodieswhoselyricswereaboutlove.ItwasthepopularmusicofAfrican-Americans,playedandsungintavernsandclubsorlistenedtoonrecordsinjukeboxes.Itwasperformedlargelybysoloistsaccompaniedbyguitarandsome-timesbyhornsandarhythmsection.ThetypesofrockmusicRockmusicIndieRock（独立摇滚）CelticRock（凯尔特摇滚）GothMetal（哥特金属）GlamRock（华丽摇滚）Post-Grunge（后车库）ProgressiveMetal（前卫金属）Britpop（英伦摇滚）Punk（朋克）PunkRevival（复兴朋克）AnarchistPunk（无政府主义朋克）AcidRock（酸性摇滚）IndustrialMetal（工业金属）Blues-Rock（蓝调摇滚）BlackMetal(黑色金属)HeavyMetal(重金属)AlternativeMetal（另类金属）BackgroundofrapmusicRapbeganin1971,intheBronx,withKoolHerc,whowasfromJamaica.Rapmusichadbeenblackrunandblackcreated.Mostimportant,itwasnotcreatedtocatertowhiteaudienceatall,althoughthemusiceventuallyfoundanaudienceamongwhitepeopleandhasbecomeoneofthemostpopulartypesofmusicinrecentyears.Theachievementsandinfluencesofrapmusic★In1998,rapoutsoldeveryothergenreofmusic,includingcountry,selling81millionCDsandtapes.★Theinfluencehashadonrockhasbeenintenseandsomeofthemostinterestingmusicoftheearly21stcenturyiseitherrap,basedonrap,orinfluencedbyrap.★Asrapdeveloped,elementsfromrockmusicsuchaselectricguitarsandintensedrumbeatswereintroducedbyRun-D.M.C,whichwasthefirsthardcorerapgroup,andtheearlierscratchingwasreplacedbysampling,anelectronicpullingofsoundsfromearliermusic.★PublicEnemydevelopedaverysophisticatedsamplingtechnique,whichoftenwasbasedonablendofwhitenoise,strongbeats,andunrecognizablesamples.In1893,T.A.ThomasEdisonelectricfilmlensandcreatethetumbrilsstudio,isconsideredasthebegjiningtheAmericanhistory.In1896,theinventionofVitascopebeganAmericamoviesmassscreening.EarlyYearsofAmericanFilm●Thefirstoftheseearlytheatres:calledNickelodeons(五分钱娱乐场)andopenedinPittsburgh(匹兹堡）Attractingover25millionviewersaweekWithoutlinguistic,cultural,orsocialbarriers●ThefirstAmericanstudio:theMotionPicturePatentsCompanybuiltintheNewYorkCityandformedbyEdisonin1909●TheAmericanmoviecapitalafter1913:HollywoodD.w.GriffithBirthofaNationBetween1916and1926theAmericanFilmIndustryThematically,PriortotheFirstWordWar:beingpreachyandsentimental,andsetinaworking-classmilieuIn1920s,cynicismandsensualityamongtheupperclassesanddemocraticoptimismgavewaytorampantmaterialismRudolphValentino拉丁情人Thefirstall-talkingpicture:LightsofNewYorkinthe1928Bythelate1930s,Hollywoodenteredintoartisticgoldenage●ChildstarShirleyTemplein1930s●GonewiththeWindin1939●Inthe1950,twodevelopentendedthestudios'scontroloftheentertainmentbusiness:●Theoverwhelmingpopularityoftelevisonbegantoeatintostudioprofits（美国电视迅速发展，到1953年，电影观众比1946年减少了一半）●ThestudioswereforcedbyFederalcourtrulingstoabandonthecontrolofdistributionandexhibitionthattheyhadmaintainedthroughmassiveconglomeratecorporations（联邦法庭要求制片公司放弃发行和制作电影院的任务，这就切断了大公司的主要财源，迫使公司大幅度减少影片生产）Inthe19