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1动名词的形式、复合结构和短语。2动名词作主语。4动名词作表语3动名词作宾语。1)一般式主动（not）writing2)一般式被动（not）beingwritten3)完成式主动（not）havingwritten4)完成式被动（not）havingbeenwritten动名词的形式:以write为例1)名词所有格+动名词：Tom’swriting2)名词普通格+动名词：Tomwriting3)形容词性代词+动名词：hiswriting4)人称代词宾格+动名词：himwriting动名词的复合结构动名词短语：动名词和自己的宾语和状语speakingaloudreadingthetextaloudgoingtobedattenlastnight1）动名词直接位于句首做主语2动名词作主语三种情况2）it作形式主语，把动名词真正主语放在句尾，但句子形式有限制，做表语的只能是一些形容词或名词，大多数构成固定句式。3）Therebe+no+动名词.1）Readingaloudisveryimportanttous1）动名词作主语置于句首：2）Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisconsideredtobeagoodhabit.3）FightingbrokeoutbetweentheSouthandtheNorth.LearningEnglishisveryimportantforus.Talkingiseasierthandoing.Takingnaturalmaterialsoutoftherubbishandusingthemagainiscalledrecycling.Playingtricksonothersissomethingwethinkimpolite.动名词短语作主语常用it作形式主语，把动名词短语放在句末。2）it作形式主语代替动名词Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisconsideredtobeagoodhabit.Itisconsideredtobeagoodhabitgoingtobedearlyandgettingupearly2.Takingnaturalmaterialsoutoftherubbishandusingthemagainiscalledrecycling.Itiscalledrecyclingtakingnaturalmaterialsoutoftherubbishandusingthemagain辨别主语（形式主语和真正主语)Itwasawasteoftimereadingthatbook.Itisdangerousstandinginthemiddleofthestreet.Isitworthwhilequarrellingwithher?It’snogoodwaitinghere.Let’sgohome.it作形式主语的几个习惯句型：Itisnousedoing…Itisuselessdoing…Itisnogooddoing…Itisfundoing…Itisworthwhiledoing…Itisawasteoftimedoing…Itispleasantdoing…“Thereis+no”后可以用动词-ing形式作主语，表示“没法……”。3）Therebe+no+动名词.Therewasnotellingwhenthismightappenagain.没法预料这样的事什么时候会再发生。Therewasnoknowingwhathecoulddo.他能做什么很难说。1）及物动词宾语3动名词作宾语2）介词宾语3）it作形式宾语，代替动名词4）接doing的动词5）接todo的动词6）接doing又可接todo的动词1）及物动词宾语Edisonneverstoppedsearchingfornewandbetterwaystodothings.Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow?Hegaveupteachingonlytwoyearsago.2）介词宾语Sincethen,hehasdevotedhislifetofindingwaystogrowmoreandmorerice.Hesearchedforawaytoincreasericeharvestswithoutexpandingtheareaoffields.形容词busy,worth后接doingTheteachersaidEdisonwasn’tverybrightandthathewasn’tworthteaching.Theteachersarebusycorrectingthestudents’exampapers.如果作宾语的动名词又有自己的补语，习惯上要将动名词后置，而用先行词it作它的形式宾语。3）it作形式宾语，代替动名词Ifounditpleasantwalkingalongtheriveraftersupper.Doyouconsideritnecessarytryingagain?mind,finish,admit,advise,consider,enjoy,keep,miss,suggest,can’thelp,giveup,want(需要；该），need(需要；该）4）接doing的动词5）接todo的动词want,wish,hope,ask,help,refuse,learn,demand,choose,,decideplan,manage,pretend,afford◆意义基本一样，如like,love,hate,begin,start,prefer,attempt6）接doing又可接todo的动词◆意义明显不一样，如remember,forgetregret,mean,stop,try,want,need●Pleaseremembertoposttheletterforme.●Irememberpostingtheletter.◆意义明显不一样，如remember,forget,regret,mean,stop,try,want,need●Heforgottowritetome.●I’llneverforgetvisitingLondonforthefirsttime.●IregrettosaythatIcannotgowithyou.●Sheregrettedmissingthereport.◆意义明显不一样，如remember,forget,regret,mean,stop,try,want,need●Theystoppedtotalk.●Theystoppedtalking.●Youdon’tneedtoleavesoearly.●Hisclothesneededmendingandhisshoesneededrepairing.3.need,require,want作“需要”解时,后接动词-ing形式作宾语,主动形式表示被动意义,相当于tobedone。如：Theradioneeds/requires/wantsrepairing/toberepaired.动词-ing形式作宾语1.有些动词如admit,avoid,consider,escape,deny,risk,suggest等后能接动词-ing形式作宾语，而不能接动词不定式。如：We’reconsideringpayingavisittotheScienceMuseum.2.有些短语如：can’thelp,beusedto,endup,feellike,leadto,bebusy,betiredof,befondof,beafraidof,beproudof,thinkof/about,putoff,keepon,insiston,begoodat,giveup等.常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成停能赏，不禁介意准逃亡，不准冒险凭想象。consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse,pardonadmit,delay/putoff,fancyavoid,miss,keep/keepon,practisedeny,finish,stop,enjoy/appreciatecan’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escapeforbid,risk,imagine[注意]1.动词-ing形式的复合结构是指在动词-ing形式前面加上逻辑主语来强调动作的执行者，该逻辑主语常为形容词性物主代词或名词所有格；当逻辑主语不出现在句首时，可用人称代词的宾格代替形容词性物主代词或用名词普通格代替名词的所有格。如：1）I’mannoyedaboutJohn’s/Johnforgettingtopay.2）Ireallycan’tunderstandyou/yourtreatingherlikethat.2.动词-ing形式的否定形式是在其前面加not，带有逻辑主语时not应在动词-ing形式之前。如：Notcleaningherteethmadehersmellbad.Yourschoolmate’snotcominghomeintimemadeherparentsworried.需要注意的问题：以下的动词后面加动词的不定式作宾语：decide,hope,expect,seem,agree,afford,arrange,choose,offer,plan,promise,determine,demand,manage,fail,prepare,refuse,pretend,常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀：三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝,设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。hope;wish;want;agree;promisedemand;ask;refusemanage;learn;decidepretend;choose想要拒绝命令，需要努力学习,期望同意帮助，希望决定开始。want;refuse;orderneed;try;learnexpect;agree;helphope;wish;decide;begin;start◆以下的动词后面既可接动词的不定式又可以接动词的ing作宾语：hate,love,prefer,remember,forget,regret,like,try,stop,begin,start既跟动词ing又接不定式作宾语的动词歌诀:双方一旦开始，不论喜欢与否，都得继续下去。不管记住与否，努力打算停止，后悔三个需要。begin,start,like,prefer,hate,dislike,continue，remember,forget,try,mean,stop,reget,want,need,require[即时练习]从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。1.It’snecessarytobepreparedforajobinterview.____theanswersreadywillbeofgreathelp.A.TohavehadB.HavinghadC.HaveD.HavingD2.Theparentssuggested____inthehotelroombuttheirkidswereanxioustocampoutduringthetrip.A.sleepB.tosleepC.sleepingD.havingsleptC3.HowIregret___somuchtimeinthenetbar!Ishouldhavestudiedharder.A.towasteB.wastingC.wastedD.beingwastedBII.根据括号内的汉语提示,完成下列句子。1._____________(大声朗读)inthelibraryisabadhabit.2.It’snouse_____________(像这