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Grammar定语从句句子成分简析:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语（宾补、主补）一个句子可以没有主语，但必须有谓语。没谓语不是句子。Vt./prep./adj.+宾语Be/link-v+表语定语修饰名词、代词状语修饰动词、形容词、或句子Wemademechairman.宾补Hewasmadechairman.主补句子做定语叫做定语从句（修饰主语、宾语、表语）。引导定语从句的关联词有：定语从句关系代词：who,whomwhose,which,that关系副词：when,where，why定语从句的位置定语从句一定放在被修饰成分之后。e.g.Thisisthecarwhichheboughtlastyear.先行词定语从句定语从句的判定：1.必须有主句，然后主句中某个名词或代词带定语从句。2.先行词在定语从句中一定可以替代关系词并做成分。（被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。）---可使用代入法来确定关系词----如果不能替代，则是同位语从句。whom指人,在从句中作宾语,可省略。e.g.Doyouknowtheman(whom)wesawattheBeijingHotel?ThegirlisfromAmerica.Icalledherjustnow.Thegirl(whom)IcalledjustnowisfromAmerica.which指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。e.g.I’mnotinterestedinthebookwhichhasjustbeenpublished.that指人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略。ThehousethatI’mgoingtobuyfacessouth.They’retalkingaboutthefilm.Ihaveseenthefilm.They’retalkingaboutthefilm(that)I’veseen.关系代词that的用法※不用that的情况a)在引导非限定性定语从句时不用that。(错)Thetree,thatisfourhundredyearsold,isveryfamoushere.b)介词后不能用that。Wedependonthelandfromwhichwegetourfood.Wedependonthelandthat/whichwegetourfoodfrom.※只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在therebe句型中，只用that，不用which。b)在不定代词，如：anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词或修饰先行词时，只用that，不用which。c)先行词有theonly,thevery,justthe,thelast修饰时，只用that。d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。Allthatisneededisasupplyofoil.所需的只是供油问题。Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolentothepolice.eg.Hetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonshehadvisitedinthecity.f)在who或which引导的特殊疑问句中，限制性定语从句该填的关系词如果和开头重复，必须用that引导。thateg.Whoisthemanisstandingoverthere.thatg)先行词在从句中作表语时,限制性定语从句通常用that引导。(常可省略)eg.Sheisnolongerthegirlthatshewasbeforeshewenttothecountry.*whose指人或物，在从句中作定语。Thegirlwhosefatherhadgivenusareportgotfirst.可用thefatherofwhom/ofwhomthefather,不可用ofwhicheg.That’sthemanwhosehousewasburneddown.That’sthemanthehouseofwhichwasburneddown.That’sthemanofwhichthehousewasburneddown.关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when,where,why关系副词when,where,why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和介词+which结构交替使用，例如：Thereareoccasionswhen(onwhich)onemustyield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijingistheplacewhere(inwhich)Iwasborn.Isthisthereasonwhy(forwhich)herefusedouroffer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？※2)当先行词为way、day、reason、time时，可用that作关系副词。（非正式场合）Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)hetalks.※3)当thefirsttime/thesecondtime/lasttime/everytime/eachtime作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。ThisisthefirsttimeIhavegivenyoualessoninFrench.例1.Isthismuseum___youvisitedafewdaysage?A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone例2.Isthisthemuseum____theexhibitionwasheld.A.whereB.thatC.onwhichD.theone答案：例1D，例2A例1变为肯定句：Thismuseumis___youvisitedafewdaysago.例2变为肯定句：Thisisthemuseum___theexhibitionwasheld.限制性和非限制性定语从句1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：Thisisthehousewhich/thatweboughtlastmonth.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2.)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3)非限制性定语从句先行词可以是一个词、短语、句子，甚至一段话。当先行词是句子时，从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。介词+关系词1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?as,which非限定性定语从句由as,which引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于andthis或andthat。As可放在句首，which只能在句中。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.Thesunheatstheearth,whichisveryimportanttous.As的用法例1.thesame…as；such…as中的as是一种固定结构,和……一样……。Ihavegotintothesametroubleashe(has).例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有‘正如’。Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoone‘shealth.Asisknown,smokingisharmfultoone’shealth.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。先行词和关系词二合一1)Whoeverspitsinpublicwillbepunishedhere.(Whoever可以用anyonewho代替)2)Theparentswillusewhattheyhavetosendtheirsontotechnicalschool.(what可以用allthat代替)what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever1）what=thethingwhich；whatever=anythingWhatyouwanthasbeensenthere.Whateveryouwantmakesnodifferencetome.2)who=thepersonthatwhoever=anyonewho（错）Whobreaksthelawwillbepunished.（错）Whoeverrobbedthebankisnotclear.（对）Whoeverbreaksthelawwillbepunished.（对）Whorobbedthebankisnotclear.3)that和what当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。Ithink(that)youwilllikethestamps.Whatweneedismorepractice.必须注意的问题（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。①定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。②强调it无意义，that/who不是引导词。③强调itis/was和that/who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。Itisthemuseumthat/whichwevisitedlastyear.(定语从句)Itwasinthehotelthatwestayedlastnight.（强调句）（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。①定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。②同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分，不可省。Wordcamethattheirarmywasdefeated.(同位语)Weexpressedtothemourwishthatwasthesameastheirs.(定语)（4）关系词在从句中省略的情况。①关系词作宾语，前无介词时。②关系词作表语。（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。（6）关系词前有介词或复