第二讲主旨大意题专题一阅读理解主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括中心大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。主旨大意题是阅读理解题中的高难度题,能够拉开考生的分数差距,所以将此类题设为高考试题具有很好的选拔作用。也可以说,此类题属于能力型题目。常见的命题方式有:1.Whatisthebesttitleforthispassage?2.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?3.What’sthemainideaofthetext?4.Themainideaofthesecondparagraphisprobablythat________.1.标题归纳类主旨大意题考生在做标题归纳类试题时要注意标题的三个特性,即醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时要抓住文章的首尾段和每一段的首尾句,要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。(2015·高考全国卷Ⅱ,阅读理解B,节选)Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.Youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan.Openthecurtainsandturnupthelights.Darkenvironmentsaremorelikelytoencourageovereating,forpeopleareoftenlessself-conscious(难为情)whenthey’reinpoorlylitplaces—andsomorelikelytoeatlotsoffood.Ifyourhomedoesn’thaveenoughwindowlight,getmorelampsandfloodtheplacewithbrightness.Mindthecolors.Researchsuggestswarmcolorsfuelourappetites.Inonestudy,peoplewhoatemealsinablueroomconsumed33percentlessthanthoseinayelloworredroom.Warmcolorslikeyellowmakefoodappearmoreappetizing,whilecoldcolorsmakeusfeellesshungry.Sowhenit’stimetorepaint,goblue.Don’tforgettheclock—ortheradio.Peoplewhoeatslowlytendtoconsumeabout70fewercalories(卡路里)permealthanthosewhorushthroughtheirmeals.Beginkeepingtrackofthetime,andtrytomakedinnerlastatleast30minutes.Andwhileyou’reatit,actuallysitdowntoeat.Ifyouneedsomehelpslowingdown,turnonrelaxingmusic.Itmakesyoulesslikelytorushthroughameal.Downsizethedishes.Bigservingbowlsandplatescaneasilymakeusfat.Weeatabout22percentmorewhenusinga12-inchplateinsteadofa10-inchplate.Whenwechoosealargespoonoverasmallerone,totalintake(摄入)jumpsby14percent.Andwe’llpourabout30percentmoreliquidintoashort,wideglassthanatall,skinnyglass.8.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?_________A.IsYourHouseMakingYouFat?B.WaysofServingDinnerC.EffectsofSelf-ConsciousnessD.IsYourHomeEnvironmentRelaxing?A【解析】标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了墙壁的颜色、房间的亮度、吃饭的速度以及吃饭时使用的器皿大小等都与一个人的身材有关。因此A项“你的房子正让你发胖吗?”最适合做文章标题。B项“提供正餐的方式”,C项“自我意识的作用”,D项“你家的环境令人放松吗?”,均与本文的主题不符。方法点津领悟主旨要义避免以偏概全标题归纳类主旨大意题考查考生对文章的领悟和概括能力。所选文章题目必须能概括全文的中心内容,即标题涵盖性强,能覆盖全文;标题要体现主题,既不能“太大”,也不能过于片面,即标题所指的范围要恰当;标题准确性要强,表意准确,与文章的感情色彩相同。总之,考生应认真揣摩作者的写作意图,弄清文章的篇章结构,避免以下三种错误:概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体);过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围);以事实或细节代替抽象概念的大意。2.文章大意类主旨大意题一篇文章总是有中心思想的,获取文章中心思想的方法就是找主题句。主题句通常在首段或结尾段,但有时也会出现在文章的中间段落。因此,在阅读时要对文章的首段和结尾段及各个段落的主题句给予特别的关注。(2015·高考重庆卷,阅读理解A,节选)Atthirteen,Iwasdiagnosed(诊断)withakindofattentiondisorder.Itmadeschooldifficultforme.Wheneveryoneelseintheclasswasfocusingontasks,Icouldnot.Inmyfirstliteratureclass,Mrs.Smithaskedustoreadastoryandthenwriteonit,allwithin45minutes.Iraisedmyhandrightawayandsaid,“Mrs.Smith,yousee,thedoctorsaidIhaveattentionproblems.Imightnotbeabletodoit.”Sheglanceddownatmethroughherglasses,“Youarenodifferentfromyourclassmates,youngman.”Itried,butIdidn’tfinishthereadingwhenthebellrang.Ihadtotakeithome.Inthequietnessofmybedroom,thestorysuddenlyallbecamecleartome.Itwasaboutablindperson,LouisBraille.Helivedinatimewhentheblindcouldn’tgetmucheducation.ButLouisdidn’tgiveup.Instead,heinventedareadingsystemofraiseddots(点),whichopenedupawholenewworldofknowledgetotheblind.Wasn’tIthe“blind”inmyclass,beingmadetolearnlikethe“sighted”students?Mythoughtsspilledoutandmypenstartedtodance.Icompletedthetaskwithin40minutes.Indeed,Iwasnodifferentfromothers;Ijustneededaquieterplace.IfLouiscouldfindhiswayoutofhisproblems,whyshouldIevergiveup?Ididn’texpectanythingwhenIhandedinmypapertoMrs.Smith,soitwasquiteasurprisewhenitcamebacktomethenextday—withan“A”onit.Atthebottomofthepaperwerethesewords:“Seewhatyoucandowhenyoukeeptrying?”39.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?__________A.Thedisabledshouldbetreatedwithrespect.B.Ateachercanopenupanewworldtostudents.C.Onecanfindhiswayoutofdifficultieswithefforts.D.Everyoneneedsahandwhenfacedwithchallenges.C【解析】主旨大意题。作者是一个有注意力障碍症的学生,因为上课不能集中精力而不得不把作业拿回家去做,在安静的环境下终于完成了。阅读材料的内容也给了他很大的启发,说明只要不懈努力就一定能战胜困难取得成功。文章强调的是不懈努力的重要性,而不是对残障人士的尊重、老师对学生的作用或困境中的帮助,故A、B、D三项均有偏差,应选C项。方法点津确定选项内容是否切合文章的中心论题,也就是要看选项内容与作者的写作目的是否一致。要从整篇文章出发归纳概括文章的主旨大意,切莫本末倒置、主次不分,避免以点带面、以偏概全,这样才能排除干扰,选出正确选项。3.段落大意类主旨大意题每个段落通常都有一个中心,通常中心思想会在本段首句体现出来,即常说的段落主题句。一般来说,采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后。若主题句出现在段首,则文章多为说明文和议论文。主题句也可能出现在段落的中间。有时作者没有写出明显的主题句,考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。(2014·高考山东卷,阅读理解D,节选)Servalsayshewasinspiredbyhisexperienceasafather.Hewouldcomehomefromworkandaskhiskidsiftheyhadbrushedtheirteeth.Theysaid“yes,”butServalwouldfindtheirtoothbrushheadsdry.Hedecidedheneededabrushthatreallytoldhimhowwellhischildrenbrushed.59.WhatisParagraph5mainlyabout?_________A.HowServalfoundouthiskidsliedtohim.B.WhyServalthoughtbrushingteethwasnecessary.C.HowServaltaughthiskidstobrushtheirteeth.D.WhatinspiredServaltoinventthetoothbrush.D【解析】段落大意题。第五段讲述了作者从自己的孩子刷牙中所发现的问题中得到了发明这款牙刷的灵感。第一句话可以作为中心句。inspire在本句中意为“使……有灵感”。方法点津如何找准主题句找准主题句是确定文章主旨大意的主要方法。主题句在文中的位置:开门见山:提出主题——细节支撑——阐明主题;段末点睛:细节描述——归纳要点——概括主题;段中点旨:细节描述——归纳主题——进一步解释。在阅读非故事性文章如科普说明文时,主题句尤其明显。有的文章的主题句不明显,隐含在段落之中,考生要注意辨别。