第三章药物代谢动力学(pharmacokinetics)PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion转运有二种方式•被动转运(passivetransport)特点:a顺浓度梯度转运b不需载体,不耗能c无饱和性d无竞争性抑制现象PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion分子量大小(分子量小易通过)b脂溶性c水溶性(极性分子和解离型分子)如:[HA][H+][A-]解离后带极性,不易扩散dpH对弱酸、弱碱性药物解离度的影响PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion被动转运•公式PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion被动转运•pKa—弱酸、弱碱性药物在溶液中50%离子化时的pH值。•离子障(iontrapping)•可按公式算出在不同pH中药物的解离情况PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion从上述结果可得出:v弱酸性药物在酸性环境中:非离子型多,吸收多在碱性环境中:离子型多,吸收少v弱碱性药物在碱性肠液中:非离子型多,吸收多在酸性胃液中:离子型多,吸收少v临床意义:PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion主动转运•主动转运特点:a逆流转运b需载体、耗能c有饱和现象(因饱和,转运速度受限)d有竞争性抑制PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物的体内过程(一)吸收(absorption)•定义—药物从给药部位进入血液循环的过程•方式—多数药物通过被动转运吸收少数药物通过主动转运吸收v胃肠道给药液体药物易吸收•口服(peros)固体药物不能吸收片剂、胶囊需崩解、溶解才能吸收PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物的体内过程•首关消除(firstpasselimination)P.O门静脉入肝脏药物浓度↓•舌下给药(sublingual)•直肠给药(perrectum)v注射给药•静注(intravenousinjection,iv)•静滴(intravenousinfusion)PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物的体内过程•肌内注射(intramuscular,im)•皮下注射(subcutaneousinjection,sc)•动脉注射(intra-arterial,ia)v吸入给药(inhalation)v经皮给药(transdermal)(二)分布(distribution)PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物与血浆蛋白结合•游离型药物:发挥药理作用•血浆蛋白结合:可逆性•血浆蛋白结合:可竞争性PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion再分布•先向血流量大的器官分布(心肝肾脑)•然后向血流量少的组织转移(肌肉皮肤脂肪)PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion•麻椎药硫喷妥图PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物的体内过程屏障•血脑屏障(blood-brain-bar-rier)•胎盘屏障(placental-barrier)•血眼屏障(blood-eye-barrier)PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物的体内过程(三)生物转化(biotransformation)•按化学反应分二步氧化多数药物灭活还原Ⅰ相少数变为活性代谢物或水解结合Ⅱ相代谢物或原形药物与体内葡萄糖醛酸、硫酸结合其代谢物极性↑、水溶性↑有利排泄PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion酶系统(肝药酶)•肝药酶的特性a专一性低b个体差异大c肝药酶易受药物的诱导或抑制PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion酶诱导剂—能增加酶活性的药物,加速药物生物转化如:苯巴比妥、苯妥英钠v酶抑制剂—能减弱酶活性的药物,减慢药物生物转化v临床意义PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion•P21图3~1PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物的体内过程(四)排泄(excreationorelimination)•肾排泄(三种方式)v肾小球滤过(被动转运)v肾小管重吸收(被动转运)PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion肾小管分泌(主动转运,需载体)•近曲小管分泌有二种通道弱酸类通道,弱碱类通道分别由有机酸、有机碱二类载体转运v同类药物可产生竞争性抑制PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion•P23图3~3PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion药物的体内过程•胆汁排泄(主动转运)酸性:青霉素、乙酰唑胺碱性:红霉素、利福平、四环素中性:强心苷等•肝肠循环药物经肝转化胆汁小肠粪排出血重吸收血尿排出PDFcreatedwithpdfFactoryProtrialversion