不定式用法

TheUseofTheInfinitive动词不定式用法构成及特点1.动词不定式的构成：由不定式符号to+动词原形构成。否定形式：not+todo构成2.动词不定式不能单独作谓语，没有人称和数的变化，但可以有自己的宾语和状语，构成不定式短语；还有时态和语态的变化。动词不定式时态和语态主动式被动式一般式todotobedone进行式tobedoing_____完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。观察下列句子：1.Totellliesiswrong.2.Tomakeaspeechhereisapleasure.(一)动词不定式作主语3.Itiswrongtotelllies.4.Itisapleasuretomakeaspeechhere.多数情况下用it作形式主语，将不定式放在句尾。5.Ittakes2hourstowalkthere.6.Itcosts1,000yuantoflytoBeijingfromTongliao.7.Itrequiresefforts(努力)tomaster(掌握)alanguage.8.Itmadeusdelightedtofindagoodbook.在it作形式主语的句子中，常用for+名词或代词作不定式的逻辑主语。9.Itisimpossibleforhimtofinishthetaskin3hours.10.Itiskindofyoutosayso.=Youarekindtosayso.如果itbe后面的形容词是说明人的性格、品质的形容词，如foolish,clever,stupid,nice,kind,careless等，要用Itbe+adj+ofsbtodosth.这一结构。观察下列句子：11.Mypurposeistoteachthemalesson.12.Hisdreamistobecomeascientist.13.WhatIwanttodois(to)goswimming.14.Allwecoulddowas(to)watchhim.15.Toliveistostruggle.16.Sheseemstobeveryhappy.17.Heappearstohavecaughtacold.（二）不定式作表语：常放在系动词（be动词）后作表语，有时也放在其他少数连系动词如：look,remain,seem,appear等后。说明主语的内容或特征。句子的主语可以是名词、名词性从句或不定式短语。主语是名词性从句时，如果有“do”,那么作表语的不定式可省去to.动词-ing形式和不定式作主语和表语的区别：一般情况下意义上无大的区别，但有时-ing形式表示抽象的、经常性、习惯性的动作或既成事实；而不定式所表示的动作则是具体的、一次性的，尤其是将来的动作。18.Learningaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.19.Tolearnaforeignlanguageisnoteasy.语义无大的区别，可以互换。20.Smokingisnotallowedhere.泛指任何人吸烟的行为21.Itisnogoodforyoutosmokehere.具体指你吸烟的行为22.Losingmywatchmademeverysad.既成事实23.ToseeafilmiswhatIplantodotonight.将来的动作24.Hisjobiskeepingtheofficeclean.经常性的动作25.Hisjobistokeeptheofficeclean.具体的一次性的动作观察下列句子：26.Ihavelearnedtodrivethecar.27.Hepromisedtocomebuthehasn’tturnedupyet.28.Theboysarelonging（渴望）towatchtheWorldCup.（三）不定式作宾语1.只能接不定式作宾语的动词：请记住下面的口诀决心(decide,determine)学会(learn)想(want)希望(hope,wish,expect)；拒绝(refuse)设法(manage)望(long,desire)假装(pretend)；主动(offer)答应(promise)选(choose)计划(plan)；同意(agree)请求(ask,beg)帮一帮(help)。此外，fail,afford,happen,wait等后面也加todo作宾语。2.表示喜好或开始、继续动作的词like,love,hate,preferintend,begin,start,continue后面接不定式和-ing形式作宾语意义相差不大。29.Theypreferspending/tospendtheirholidayinthecountry.30.Iintendwriting/towriteapoeminEnglish.trytodosth.尽力去做某事trydoingsth.试一试，试试看31.Tryknockingatthebackdoorifnobodyhearsyouatthefrontdoor.32.Trytogetthereontime.3.有些动词后跟动词不定式和动名词作宾语意义截然不同，如：try,goon,stop,mean,regret,remember,forget等meantodosth.打算做某事meandoingsth.意味着做某事33.Iwon’twaitifitmeansdelayingaweek.34.Imeanttohelpyou,butIwasbusyatthatmoment.forgettodosth.忘了去做某事forgetdoingsth.忘了做过某事35.Iforgettellingheraboutit.36.IforgettobringthepursewithmewhenIlefthomethismorning.remembertodosth.记住去做某事rememberdoingsth.记得做过某事37.Irememberreadingthestoryinsomebook.38.Remembertoposttheletterformewhenyougotothepostoffice.stoptodosth.停下来去做某事（表目的）stopdoingsth.停止做某事（作宾语）39.Isuggestweshouldstoptohavearest.40.Thestudentsstoppedtalkingwhentheteachercamein.goontodosth.继续做另一件事goondoingsth.接着做同一件事41.Afterashortrest,theywentondoingthework.42.Afterfinishingthehomework,thestudentswentontoplayfootball.regrettodosth.遗憾地做某事regretdoingsth.后悔作了某事43.Iregrettosaythatyouhaven’tpassedtheexam.44.Iregrettellinghimaboutit.Iregrethavingtoldhimaboutit.动词不定式作宾语应注意的问题1.如果不定式作宾语而后面又有一个宾语补足语，这时要用it作形式宾语而把这个动词不定式放到补语后。常用动词有：find,think,make,feel,consider,believe等45.Ifeelitmydutytohelpyou.46.Ifinditimportanttolearnasecondforeignlanguage.47.Wethoughtitbettertostartearly.2.介词but,except后可接不定式作宾语。48.Hehadnochoicebuttoworkhard.除了努力工作，他没有选择。49.Shedidnothingbut/exceptcry.50.Thereisnothingtodobut/exceptliedowntosleep.注意：如前面的句子中有实义动词do,but,except后面的不定式符号to需省去。疑问词who/what/which/when/where/whether/how+动词不定式,构成一种特殊的不定式短语，其功能相当于一个名词性从句，在句中可作主语、表语和宾语。51.Howtogetenoughmoneyisstillaquestion.作主语52.Thequestioniswhethertotakethechildrentothetheatreortoleavethemathome.作表语53.I’veworkedwithchildrenbefore,soIknowwhattoexpectinmynewjob.作宾语54.Thefarmershowedushowtomilkthecow.作宾语55.Mr.Smithwillgiveusareportonhowtoprotecttheenvironment.作宾语观察下列句子：56.You’dbettergetTomtodoit.57.Didyounoticehimleavethehouse?58.Isupposehim(tobe)aboutfifty.（四）不定式作宾语补足语（1）可接带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask,beg,get,allow,forbid,force,inspire,advise,cause,tell,order,warn,expect,remind,permit,wish,invite,encourage,persuade等.59.Shedoesn’tallowmetousehercomputer.60.Iamnotallowedtousehercomputer.61.Theteachertoldhimnottobelateagain.62.Heinvitedustoattendhisbirthdayparty.（2）接不带to的动词不定式作宾补的动词有：在部分感官动词和使役动词后，如：see,hear,watch,notice,observe,feel,make,let,have63.Ioftenhearpeoplesingingthesong.64.Ioftenhearpeoplesingthesong.正在唱听到唱歌的全过程注：help后可跟省to或带to的不定式作宾补。69.YesterdayIhelpedmymother(to)dosomehousework.65.I'llhavesomeonerepairthebikeforyou.66.Hewasseentoenterthebuilding.67.Johnwasmadetowashthecarasapunishment.68.Iwaslettodotheexperimentalone.当感官动词和使让动词（除了have）用于被动结构时，要用带to的动词不定式作主语补足语。（3）有的动词后可以跟tobe形式作宾补，而不是todo作宾补。如：think,consider,suppose,believe,imagine,find,prove等70.Wefindhim(tobe)honest.71.Iconsiderhim(tobe)mybestfriend.72.Weprovedthetheory(tobe)correct.观察下列句子：73.Hewasthelastonetoleavetheschoolyesterday.74.Wehavemuchhomeworktodoeveryday.（五）不定式作定语必须后置（1）动词不定式与所修饰的名词或代词是动宾关系。75.Ihavesomethingtosay.76.I’dlikeafewbookstoread