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Grammarandusage复习(1):todo,verb-ingandverb-ed什么是非谓语动词？动词的三种形态，不能独立的在句子中做谓语，必须与系动词或者助动词一起充当谓语成分。todo,verb-ingandverb-ed一、作主语☆动词不定式作主语Toseeistobelieve.Torecoverlosttimeisimpossible.必背句型：Itis/was+adj.+(for/ofsb.)todosth.e.g.Itisimpossibleto(forus)recoverlosttime.Itisveryfriendlyofyoutoinviteustoyourbirthdayparty.☆动名词作主语Laughinghelpsyourbodystayhealthyandcanevenhelpyoufightpain.笑有助于身体保持健康，甚至能够帮你战胜疼痛。必背句型:Itis/was+(no)+n.+doingsth.做某事（无）…e.g.It’snousecryingforoverspiltmilk.覆水难收/木已成舟，哭也无用/后悔也没用。Itisgreatfunplayinggolf.打高尔夫很有意思。Itisawasteoftimetryingtotalktoherwhensheisnotinthemood.她心情不好的时候，找她谈是白费时间。单个不定式或动名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。若不定式或动名词太长，往往用it作形式主语，不定式和动名词后置。动词不定式作主语和动名词作主语的区别：不定式作主语常表示具体的某一动作，常与特定执行者联系在一起；动名词作主语表示泛指或一般的抽象概念，常不与执行者联系在一起在there/it+be+nouse/good/help之后常用动名词作主语不定式可以和when/where/how/what/whether等连用，在句中作主语、宾语和表语，而动名词则不能高考链接：_______isagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.A.ThewalkB.WalkingC.TowalkD.WalkWhenandwheretogohikingisnotdecidedyet二、作定语☆动词不定式作定语1.表示将要发生的动作。e.g.Ihaveletterstowrite.我有信要写。Thepowerstationtobebuiltnextyearwillbeofgreatvaluetothepeople.明年将修建的发电站将对人们有利。2.常在序数词、形容词最高级、thefirst，thelast，theonly，不定代词等修饰的名词或在不定代词后作定语。e.g.Tomisoftenthefirstonetoarriveatschoolandthelasttoleave.Tom经常是第一个来学校最后一个走的人。3.若作定语的不定式是不及物动词，或者及物动词与被修饰的词不能构成动宾关系时，则不定式动词后须加上适当的介词。e.g.whenJackwasyoung,hehadnofriendstoplaywith.在Jack小的时候，他没有朋友和他一起玩。YoucanexpecttohearalotmorefromBilly---hehasnoplanstostopmakingfilms.你可以期待听到更多比利的表演---他尚无息影的打算。某些抽象名词后也用不定式修饰。如：(学案P13）thechance/opportunity/way/ability/right/courage…todo做某事的机会、方法、能力、权利、勇气…☆动名词作定语1.-ing形式和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表示这个名词(人或物)的动作或状态，相当于一个定语从句。Themanperformingonthestageisafamouscomedian.=Theman_______________onthestageisafamouscomedian.正在舞台上表演的那个人是个著名的喜剧演员。whoisperforming2.-ing形式和它所修饰的名词在逻辑上没有主谓关系，表示这个名词的某种用途和性能，作“供；作…之用”解。e.g.游泳池swimmingpool=poolforswimming洗衣机washingmachine=machineforwashing拐杖walkingstick=stickforwalking生活条件livingconditions=conditionsforliving☆过去分词作定语1.表示和被修饰的名词之间是被动关系。e.g.In1975,GeorgeBurnsactedinafilmcalledTheSunshineBoys.1975年，乔治.布恩斯出演了一部名叫阳光男孩的电影。Idon’tliketoseetheexercisewritteninpencil.我不喜欢看用铅笔写的作业。2.表示已经完成的动作，不表示被动，动词通常为不及物动词。e.g.Johntookmanyphotosofleavesfallentotheground.约翰拍了许多地上的落叶的照片。therisensun已升起的太阳如果过去分词作定语时所表示的动作正在发生，其结构为beingdone。e.g.Theundergroundsystembeingbuiltinthecitywillbeopennextyear.城里正在建的地铁系统将在明年开放。非谓语动词的三种形式动词不定式表示未发生的或后发生的动作动词-ing表示主动的或正在发生的动作动词-ed表示被动的或已发生的动作高考链接：1.Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.areboughtB.boughtC.beenboughtD.buying2.Thepicture______onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung3.Therearefivepairs______,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoose4.ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures______inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed三、作宾补☆动词不定式作宾补(如学案P14-)V1+sb.+todosth.ask/require/tell/order/force/get/want/like/think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/imagine/callon/dependon/waitfor/askforV2+sb.+dosth.感官动词：see,watch,observe,notice,lookat,hear,listen,smell,taste,feel使役动词：have,make,let“五看三使二听一感”e.g.Youdon’thavetomakePaullearnFrench.Pauldoesn’thavetobemadetolearnFrench.某些动词真奇怪，to来to去令人猜；主动语态to离开，被动语态to回来。不定式用在介词but，except，besides后时如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么介词后的不定式不带to，相反则带to。e.g.(1)Shecoulddonothingbutcry.(2)Ihavenochoicebuttogo.(3)Whatdoyouliketodobesidessleep.完成同步练习3☆现在名词作宾补(见学案P15-16)V3+sb.+doingsth.e.g.Atthattime,Ifoundhimcryinginthestreet.那时，我发现他在街上哭。Hewascaughtsmokinginthewashroom.他在洗手间里吸烟被发现了。Themissingboyswerelastseenplayingneartheriver.那个失踪的男孩最后被人看见时在河边玩。☆过去分词作宾补(见学案P15-16)V+sb./sth.+donesth.e.g.Keepyourmouthshutandyoureyesopen.少说多看。Ihavehadmybikerepaired.我已把自行车修好了。Themanagersdiscussedtheplanthattheywouldliketoseecarriedoutthenextyear.经理们讨论了这个计划，他们希望看到明年实施。完成同步练习四HomeworkGooverthegrammar.FinishExA&BonPage9.二、作宾语☆动词不定式作宾语e.g.Hedecidedtoworkharderinordertocatchupwiththeothers.Irefusetoacceptwhateveryoubuyforme.记忆口诀：决心学会想希望，拒绝设法愿假装，主动应答选计划，同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,hope/expect/wish,refuse,manage,care,pretend,offer,promise,choose,plan,agree,ask/beg,help高考链接：Weagreed________here,butsofarshehasn’tturnedupyet.A.havingmetB.meetingC.tomeetD.tohavemet☆动名词作宾语e.g.Iwouldappreciateyoucallingbacktonight.Iregretnothavingtakenyouradvice.HearingwhathappenedinSichuan,manypeoplecouldn’thelpcrying.记忆口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过继续练，否认完成就欣赏，禁止想象才冒险，不禁建议准逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,lookforwardto,excuse/pardonadmit,delay/putoff,fancy,avoid,misskeep/keepon,practisedeny,finish,enjoy/appreciate,forbid,imaging,risk,can’thelp,mind,allow/permit,escape某些特殊动词：forget,remember,regret,stop,try,mean,goon,cease,want,need,require高考链接：1.—Thelightintheofficeisstillon.—Oh,Iforgot________.A.turningitoffB.turningitoffC.toturnitoffD.havingturneditoff2.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdoneThefollowingverbsarenormallyfollowedbytheinfinitive.afford,agree,appear,arrange,ask,attempt,care,choose,claim,come,consent,dare,decide,demand,deserve,determine