NormanconquestofEnglandNorsemenTheNormanswerethepeoplewhogavetheirnametoNormandy,aregioninnorthernFrance.TheyweredescendedfromVikingconquerors(维京征服者)oftheterritory领土andthenativepopulationofmostlyFrankishandGallo-Romanstock.ThenameNormansderivesfromNortmanni(Northmen),aftertheVikingswhofoundedNormandy.Theyplayedamajorpolitical,military,andculturalroleinmedieval(中世纪的)EuropeandeventheNearEast.Theywerefamedfortheirmartial(军事的)spirit.NormanadventurersestablishedakingdominSicily(西西里岛)andsouthernItalybyconquest,andaNormanexpedition(远征)onbehalfoftheirdukeledtotheNormanConquestofEngland.NormaninfluencespreadfromthesenewcentrestotheCrusaderStatesintheNearEast,toScotlandandWalesinGreatBritain,andtoIreland.ReasonsItwassaidthatkingEdwardhadpromisedtheEnglishthrone(王位)toWilliam,buttheWitan(盎格鲁-撒克逊时期的议会议员)choseHaroldasking.SoWilliamledhisarmytoinvadeEngland.InOctober1066,duringtheimportantbattleofHastings,WilliamdefeatedHaroldandkilledhim.OneChristmasDay,WilliamwascrownedkingofEnglandatWestminsterAbbey,thusbeginningtheNormanConquestofEngland.WilliamtheConquerorTheNormanconquestofEnglandbeganon28September1066withtheinvasionofEnglandbyWilliamtheConqueror,DukeofNormandyandhisvictoryattheBattleofHastingson14October1066overKingHaroldIIofEngland.Harold‘sarmywasbadlydepleted(大大减少)intheEnglishvictoryattheBattleofStamfordBridgeinNorthernEnglandon25September1066overthearmyofKingHaraldIIIofNorway.Byearly1071,WilliamhadsecuredcontrolofmostofEngland,althoughrebellions(叛乱)andresistance(抵抗)continuedtoapproximately1088.Summary威廉加冕成为国王哈罗德(图右拔箭者)在黑斯廷斯战役中阵亡•1042年,爱德华登上英格兰王位。爱德华是一个懦弱无能的国王,曾长期流亡诺曼底,当了国王后,为了同国内封建贵族抗争,他聘用了很多诺曼教主,并和诺曼底公爵、同时也是爱德华的表弟威廉结盟,并承诺让他继承王位。1066年春,爱德华病逝,按照爱德华生前的承诺,王位应由威廉继承,但按照盎格鲁撒克逊法律,国王死后,王位继承问题应由贵族代表会议来解决。最后盎格鲁撒克逊人大贵族哈罗德当选为国王。这一消息对威廉来说,是很大的的打击,他决定用武力从哈罗德那里夺取王位。(back)威廉一世(征服王威廉公爵)KingWilliamITheConqueror:1028年9月2日----1087年9月9日,是诺曼底公爵(1035年-1087年)、英格兰国王(1066年-1087年在位)。1035年,诺曼底公爵罗贝尔一世(宽宏的)在去耶路撒冷朝圣的归途中去世。由于他没有婚生子女,因此唯一的私生子威廉被立为诺曼底公爵。英格兰第一位诺曼人国王。生于1028年,8岁时继承父亲的公爵位,15岁时被封骑士,开始在领地执政。1046年至1055年间多次平息贵族的叛乱。1054-1060年间反对国王享利与安茹的马特的同盟。1063年征服曼恩。1066年向英格兰开战并于同年9月引兵渡海,首先攻占了佩文西和哈斯丁斯镇。10月,击败了英格兰国王哈罗德的抵抗。圣诞节,威廉在威斯敏斯特大教堂加冕为英格兰国王。为了确保边疆的安定,威廉于1072年入侵苏格兰,1081年入侵威尔士,并在边境设立特殊的居民地。他一生的最后15年多住在诺曼底,任命老友兰弗朗克为坎特伯雷大主教,把英格兰朝政交给主教掌管,有5年或7年时间,他根本未到英格兰一次。1087年,死于诺曼底。(back)哈罗德·葛温森哈罗德·葛温森(1022年-1066年10月14日),有时称为哈罗德二世,盎格鲁-萨克逊王朝之韦塞克斯王国的末代君主(1066年在位)。忏悔者爱德华去世后,王后之兄哈罗德即位。他的王位受到维京国王哈拉尔德三世及诺曼底公爵私生子威廉的挑战。哈拉尔德三世首先入侵了英格兰北部,哈罗德二世率领亲兵组成的精锐急行军反击,在1066年9月25日于斯坦姆福德桥战役中击败维京人,哈拉尔德三世阵亡。诺曼底公爵威廉乘英军北上之机入侵了英格兰南部,直指伦敦,哈罗德二世被迫率领疲惫的部队回援并占领了通往伦敦路上的有利位置。1066年10月14日英诺两军决战(黑斯廷斯之战),结果英格兰军队战败,哈罗德二世本人亦战死。诺曼底公爵威廉进入伦敦加冕为英格兰国王。(back)TheBattleofHastingstookplaceon14October1066.ItwasthedecisiveNormanvictoryintheNormanConquestofEngland,foughtbetweentheNormanarmyofDukeWilliamIIofNormandyandtheEnglisharmyofKingHaroldII.ThebattletookplaceatSenlacHill,about6milesnorthwestofHastings,closetothepresent-daytownofBattle,EastSussex(东萨塞克斯郡).HaroldIIwaskilledinthebattle—legendhasitthathewasshotthroughtheeyewithanarrow.ThisbattleisseenasthepointatwhichWilliamgainedcontrolofEngland,becomingitsfirstNormanrulerasKingWilliamI.BattleofHastingsBattleofHastings(back)InfluenceTheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.WilliamtheConquerorconfiscated没收almostallthelandandgaveittohisNormanfollowers.HereplacedtheSaxonrulewithastrongNormangovernment.SothefeudalsystemwascompletelyestablishedinEngland.Itlargelyremovedthenativerulingclass贵族阶层,replacingitwithaforeign,French-speakingmonarchy君主制度,aristocracy贵族,统治阶级,andclerical神职人员的hierarchy等级制度.RelationswiththeContinentwereopened,andthecivilizationandcommerce贸易wereextended.Norman-Frenchculture,language,mannersandarchitecture建筑学wereintroduced.TheChurchwasbroughtintocloserconnectionwithRome,andthechurchcourtswereseparatedfromthecivilcourts民事法庭.Consequences--aboutLanguageThemoststrikinginfluenceoftheconquestwasshowninthelanguage.TheperiodofMiddleEnglishbegansoonafter1066.SincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;butthemasses民众;劳动阶层continuedtospeakEnglish.OnlytowardstheendofthefifteenthcenturydidEnglishbecomeoncemorethelanguageofthewholecountry.However,thelanguagethatemergedatthattimeshowedvastandsignificantchangesintheEnglishvocabulary———thelossofalargepartoftheOldEnglishword-stockandtheadoptionofthousandsofFrenchwords.Consequences--aboutLanguageLanguageSpeakersFrenchLords,noblesEnglishmassesLatinscholars,clergymene.g.FrenchwordsofWarfareandchivalry,artandluxury,scienceandlaw,begantocomeintotheEnglishlanguage.Art:ballet芭蕾,décor装饰,etiquette礼节,champagne香槟酒Politics:government,crown,empire,emperor,usurp篡夺-que:Wordshave“-que”,theyareallFrenchwords.Storyabout:pig---pork;bull---beef.Consequences--Governmentalsystems:UnderWilliam,thefeudalsysteminEnglandwascompletelyestablished.1.Accordingtothissystem,theKingownedallthelandpersonally.2.Williamgavehisbaronslargeestates私有土地inEngland.3.Theseestateswerescatteredfarandwideoverthecountry,sothatthosewhoheldthemcouldnoteasilycombinetorebel造反the