Lesson_3_Groundless_Beliefs

Unit6•GROUNDLESSBELIEFS•A.E.ManderWarm-upI.Aristotle&GalileoII.Warming-upQuestionsIII.DoYouKnow?IV.Warming-upActivitiesLetmeintroducemyself,IamAristotle.Ilivedfrom384—322B.C.,IwasapupilofPlato,anotherGreekphilosopher.MostdonotrealizethatIwasatutorofAlexandertheGreat.Myauthorshipincludesworksonethics,logic,metaphysics,naturalsciences,politics,andpoetry.SomesayIhadaprofoundinfluenceoncurrentWesternthought.Myphilosophicalsystemtheoryfollowsempiricalobservationandlogic—theessentialmethodofrationalinquiry.Aristotle(384B.C.—322B.C.):I.AristotleVS.GalileoGalileo(1564—1642)Galileowasanastronomerandmathematician,borninPisa,Italy.HeenteredPisaUniversityasamedicalstudentin1581,andbecameprofessorofmathematicsatPadua(1592—1610),whereheimprovedtherefractingtelescope(1610),andwasthefirsttouseitforastronomy.AmonghisotherdiscoverieswerethelawofuniformlyacceleratedmotiontowardstheEarthandthelawthatallbodieshaveweight.•Dowereallyknowwhatwearedoingandwhatwearethinking?•Arewesurethatallthebeliefsweholdwithconvictionandacceptwithoutquestionarereallytrueorwell-grounded?•Whatconstitutesadequategroundsforbeliefs?II.Warming-upQuestionsIII.DoYouKnow?BeliefDonotacceptanythingonmerehearsayItisyourinnerjudgmentthatyoumustobeyDonotacceptanythingbymeretraditionThinkforyourselfandfromyouroppositionDonotacceptanythingonaccountofmererumorsInthislife,donotbeablindandmindlessconsumerDonotacceptanythingbymeresuppositionsFindthetruth,theright,thedefinitionDonotacceptanythingmerelybecauseitagreeswithyourpre-conceivednotionsThisisahigherbeliefyouaresearchingfor,putasideyouremotionsDonotacceptanythingmerelybecauseitseemsacceptableBestronginyourownverdict,donotbesosusceptibleChooseoneofthesebeliefsandtalkabouttheminyourfamiliaraspectsCommunism,theCommunistPartyofChinaBuddhismReligionBeliefsHistoryConfucianismConfuciusBeliefsDaoismDaoistBeliefsChristianityJesusChristChristianSomeotherbeliefsgiveasimplefeatureofyourchosenbeliefGroupDiscussionIV.Warming-upActivitiesI.CatholicBeliefII.PresbyterianBeliefIII.WilliamJamesIV.ThePrinciplesofPsychologyV.HeadhuntinginSouthAsiaVI.GladiatorialGamesBackgroundInformationTextAppreciation1.Aboutthetextandtheauthor2.TextStructure3.ThemeAboutthetextandtheauthorThepresenttextistakenfromLogicfortheMillionsbyA．E．Mander,publishedbyThePhilosophicalLibrary，NewYork，1947．A.E.ManderisanEnglishpsychologist,hewritesmanybooks,suchasOurShamDemocracy,Psychologyforeverymanandwoman,AlarmingAustraliaandsoon.Part1(Para.1)about:Part2(Paras.2—21)about:Part3(Paras.22—25)about:TextStructureTheauthor’spropositionofthegeneralpracticeofthinkingTheauthor’sanalysisoffivenon-rationalfactorsinthedeterminationofpeople’sopinionsTheendofTextStructure.Theauthor’sencouragementonclear,freshandrationalwaysofthinkingStructureoftheText•Manderlistsfivesourcesformanyofourgroundlessbeliefs(2-21)：•1)Resultofearlyenvironment；(2-3)•2)Parroting；(4-13)•3)Self-interest；(14-17)•4)Sentimentalassociations；(18-19)•5)Fashion．(19-21)TheendofTheme.Themeofthestory:Thearticleismeanttoserveasasuggestiveexampleofacurious,inquiringmindatwork.Itencouragesustofindouthowwecamebyourbeliefsandmanagetobeboldenoughtotestourbeliefs.ThemeI.TextAnalysisIthink，Ibelieve，I’mconvinced，I’msure，Itgoeswithoutsaying，It’scrystalclear，It’sassimpleasABC，Nodoubt．．．，etcDothinkingasahabit．Wecannotavoidthinking，rightlyorwrongly.II.Warming-upQuestionsWarm-upquestion•Whatarethewaysforpeopletoclassifytheirviews?•Popularity•Usefulness•Sourceofauthority•PersonaltasteGround•ground:(usu.pl.)thefoundation/underlyingconditionforanargument,acauseorgoodreason•forsth.根据,理由，原因•e.g.1.Whatwerehisgroundsforwantingadivorce?•2.Neitherstatementcanbefaultedonthe•groundsthatitisinaccurate.(Lesson3)•groundless:a.notbasedonreasonorevidence•e.g.groundlessoptimism•Yourfearisprovedtobegroundless.•Onthegroundsofsth.:根据。。。、以。。。为理由•Heresignedonthegroundsofill-health.bare:a.naked;notcoveredwithorprotectedbyanything;empty;justefficient,mere…e.g.barearm/feet/wall/factsthebarebranchesofwintertrees.Thefridgewascompletelybare.Phrases:withyourbarehands:withoutweaponsortoolsbareyoursoul:totellyourdeepestandmostprivatefeelingsbareyourteeth:toshowyourteethinafierceandthreateningwaybarefaced:a.公然的，厚颜无耻的，不戴面具的e.g.abarefacedlie•ashadowof:theslightesttraceof少许、残余、痕迹•e.g.Ashadowofasmiletouchedhismouth.•Thereisnotashadowofjustificationforyourbehavior.•Sheknewbeyondashadowofdoubtthathewaslying.Christianity基督教Catholicism天主教[罗马公教]OrthodoxChurch东正教Protestantism新教Presbyterian长老教Congregationalists公理宗Methodists循道宗ReformedChurch加尔文宗[归正宗]EpiscopalChurch安立甘宗[圣公会]LutheranChurch路德宗[信义宗]•Thesamethingistrue,ofcourse,ofmanybeliefsotherthanthoseofareligiousnature.•betrueof:canapplyto•e.g.Theproverbitisnevertoooldtolearnistrueofeveryone.•社会服务工作可能也是这样的吧？•Possiblythesameistrueofsocialwork/service?•otherthan:heremeansapartfrom;thetraditionalmeaningisexcept•e.g.Idon’tknowanyFrenchpeopleotherthanyou.Polygamyreferstotheconditionsofamanhavingmorethanonewife/concubineorawomanhavingmorethanonehusbandatthesametime.Itspracticeexistedinmanyculturesinancienttimesandin