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1.DefinitionofRemoteSensing•Remotesensingisthescienceandartofobtaininginformationaboutaphenomenoawithoutbeingincontactwithit.Remotesensingdealswiththedetectionandmeasurementofphenomenawithdevicessensitivetoelectromagneticenergysuchas:•Light(camerasandscanners)•Heat(thermalscanners)•RadioWaves(radar)2.PassiveRemoteSensing:Makesuseofsensorsthatdetectthereflectedoremitted(散射)electro-magneticradiationfromnaturalsources.3.ActiveremoteSensing:Makesuseofsensorsthatdetectreflectedresponsesfromobjectsthatareirradiated(辐射)fromartificially-generatedenergysources,suchasradar.4.Platforms:Vehicletocarrythesensor(truck,aircraft,spaceshuttle,satellite,etc.)5.Sensors:Devicetodetectelectro-magneticradiation(camera,scanner,etc.)1.Electro-MagneticSpectrum(EMS):(电磁波谱)Wavelengthregionsofelectro-magneticradiationhavedifferentnamesrangingfromGammaray,X-ray,Ultraviolet(UV),Visiblelight,Infrared(IR)toRadioWave,inorderfromtheshorterwavelengths.2.Atmosphericscattering(散射)istheunpredictablediffusionofradiationbyparticlesintheatmosphere.3.Rayleighscatter(瑞利散射)iscommonwhenradiationinteractswithatmosphericmolecules(gasmolecules)andothertinyparticles(aerosols)thataremuchsmallerindiameterthatthewavelengthoftheinteractingradiation.4.Miescatter(米氏散射)existswhentheatmosphericparticlediameterisessentiallyequaltotheenergywavelengthsbeingsensed.5.Extinction:(衰减)Thesunlighttransmissionthroughtheatmosphereiseffectedbyabsorptionandscatteringofatmosphericmoleculesandaerosols.Thisreductionofthesunlight'sintensityiscalledextinction.6.Aspectralreflectancecurve:(反射波谱曲线)Agraphofthespectralreflectanceofanobjectasafunctionofwavelengthiscalledaspectralreflectancecurve.1.Asunsynchronousorbitisanearpolarorbitwhosealtitudeissuchthatthesatellitewillalwayspassoveralocationatagivenlatitudeatthesamelocalsolartime.Inthisway,thesamesolarilluminationcondition(exceptforseasonalvariation)canbeachievedfortheimagesofagivenlocationtakenbythesatellite.1.Electromechanical:(光机)thesensoroscillates(振荡)fromsidetosidetoformtheimage.2.Lineararray:(线性列阵)anarrayofdetectorsisusedtosimultaneously(同时地)sensethepixel(像素)valuesalongaline。3.Radiometricresolution(辐射分辨率)Thedynamicrange,ornumberofpossibledatafilevalues,ineachband.Thisisreferredtobythenumberofbitsintowhichtherecordedenergyisdivided.4.Spatialresolution(空间分辨率)Ameasureofthesmallestobjectthatcanberesolvedbythesensor,ortheareaonthegroundrepresentedbyeachpixel.5.Temporalresolution(时间分辨率)Thefrequencywithwhichasensorobtainsimageryofaparticulararea.DataPreparation数据预处理Geocorrection几何校正Vegetativeindices植被指数ColorComposite彩色合成SupervisedClassification监督分类UnsupervisedClassification非监督分类Tone/Color色调/颜色Shape形状Size大小Site位置Shadow阴影Texture纹理Pattern图型Association相关布局1.GCPs(地面控制点)arespecificpixelsinanimageforwhichtheoutputmapcoordinates(坐标)(orotheroutputcoordinates)areknown.2.SpatialEnhancement(空间增强)isafunctionthatenhancesanimageusingthevaluesofindividualandsurroundingpixels.3.Convolution(卷积)isusedtochangethespatialfrequencycharacteristicsofanimage.4.RadiometricEnhancement(辐射增强)dealswiththeindividualvaluesofthepixelsinanimage.5.Principalcomponentsanalysis(PCA):(主成分分析)Amethodofdatacompressionthatallowsredundantdatatobecompressedintofewerbands.6.Unsupervisedclassification(非监督分类)isalsocalledclustering(集群),becauseitisbasedonthenaturalgroupingsofpixelsinimagedatawhentheyareplottedinfeaturespace.

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