宏观经济学第十五章MEASUREINGANATION’SINCOME一国收入的衡量Microeconomicsthestudyofhowhouseholdsandfirmsmakedecisionsandhowtheyinteractinmarkets.微观经济学:研究家庭和企业如何做出决策,以及他们如何在市场上相互交易。Macroeconomicsthestudyofeconomy-widephenomena,includinginflation,unemployment,andeconomicgrowth宏观经济学:研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。GDPisthemarketvalueoffinalgoodsandservicesproducedwithinacountryinagivenperiodoftime.国内生产总值GDP:给定时期的一个经济体内生产的所有最终产品和服务的市场价值Consumptionisspendingbyhouseholdsongoodsandservices,withtheexceptionofpurchasedofnewhousing.消费:除了购买新住房,家庭用于物品与劳务的支出。Investmentisspendingoncapitalequipmentinventories,andstructures,includinghouseholdpurchasesofnewhousing.投资:用于资本设备、存货和建筑物的支出,包括家庭用于购买新住房的支出。Governmentpurchasesarespendingongoodsandservicesbylocal,state,andfederalgovernment.政府支出:地方、州和联邦政府用于物品和与劳务的支出。Netexportisspendingondomesticallyproducedgoodsbyforeigners(exports)minusspendingonforeigngoodsbydomesticresidents(imports)净出口:外国人对国内生产的物品的支出(出口)减国内居民对外国物品的支出(进口)。NominalGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatcurrentprices.名义GDP:按现期价格评价的物品与劳务的生产。RealGDPistheproductionofgoodsandservicesvaluedatconstantprices.实际GDP:按不变价格评价的物品和服务的生产。GDPdeflatorisameasureofthepricelevelcalculatedastheratioofnominalGDPtorealGDPtimes100.GDP平减指数:用名义GDP与实际GDP的比率计算的物价水平衡量指标。第十六章MEASURINGTHECOSTOFLIVING生活费用的衡量CPIismeasureoftheoverallcostofthegoodsandservicesboughtbyatypicalconsumer.消费物价指数CPI:一个典型消费者所购买的一篮子产品与服务的价格相对于某个基年同样一篮子产品与服务的价格。Inflationrateisthepercentagechangeinthepriceindexfromtheprecedingperiod.通货膨胀率:前一个时期以来物价指数变动的百分比。Producerpriceindex(PPI)isameasureofthecostofabasketofgoodsandservicesboughtbyfirms.生产物价指数:企业购买的一篮子物品与劳务的费用的衡量指标。Indexation:theautomaticcorrectionofadollaramountfortheeffectsofinflationbylaworcontract.根据法律或合约对通货膨胀的影响进行货币数量的自动调整。Nominalinterestrateistheinterestrateasusuallyreportedwithoutacorrectionoftheeffectsofinflation.名义利率:通常公布的,未根据通货膨胀的影响校正的利率。Realinterestrateistheinterestratecorrectedfortheeffectsofinflation.真实利率:根据通货膨胀校正过的利率。第十七章PRODUCTIONANDGROWTH生产与增长Productivityistheamountofgoodsandservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stime.生产率:每单位劳动投入所生产的物品和劳务的数量。Physicalcapitalisthestockofequipmentandstructuresthatareusedtoproducegoodsandservices.物资资本:用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物存量。Humancapitalistheknowledgeandskillsthatworkersacquirethrougheducation,training,andexperience.人力资本:工人通过教育、培训和经验而获得的知识与技能。Naturalresourcesaretheinputsintotheproductionofgoodsandservicesthatareprovidedbynature.自然资源:由自然界提供的用于生产物品与劳务的投入,如土地、河流与矿藏。Technologicalknowledgeissociety’sunderstandingofthebeswaystoproducegoodsandservices.技术知识:社会对生产物品与劳务的最好方法的了解。Diminishingreturnsarethepropertywherebythebenefitfromanextraunitofaninputdeclinesasthequantityoftheinputincreases.收益递减:随着投入量的增加,每一单位额外投入得到的收益减少的特性。Catch-upeffectisthepropertywherebycontinuesthatstartoffpoortendtogrowmorerapidlythancountriesthatstartoffrich.追赶效应:开始时贫穷的国家倾向于比开始时富裕的国家增长更快。第十八章SAVING,INVESTMENT,ANDTHEFINANCIALSYSTEM储蓄、投资和金融体系Financialsystemisthegroupofinstitutionsintheeconomythathelptomatchoneperson’ssavingwithanotherperson’sinvestment.金融体系:经济中促使一个人的储蓄与另一个人的投资相匹配的一组机构。Financialmarketsarefinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscandirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers.金融市场:储蓄者可以通过它直接向借款者提供资金的金融机构。Bondisacertificateofindebtedness债券:一种债务证明书。Stockisaclaimtopartialownershipinafirm股票:企业部分所有权的索取权。Financialintermediariesarefinancialinstitutionsthroughwhichsaverscanindirectlyprovidefundstoborrowers.金融中介机构:储蓄者可以通过它间接地向借款者提供资金的金融机构。Mutualfundisaninstitutionthatsellssharestothepublicandusestheproceedstobuyaportionofstocksandbonds.共同基金:向公众出售股份,并用收入来购买股票于债券资产组合的机构。Nationalsaving(saving)isthetotalincomeintheeconomythatremainsafterpayingforconsumptionandgovernmentpurchase.国民储蓄(储蓄):在用于消费和政府购买后剩下的一个经济中的收入。Privatesavingistheincomethathouseholdshaveleftafterpayingfortaxesandconsumption.私人储蓄:家庭在支付了税收和消费之后剩下来的收入。Publicsavingisthetaxrevenuethatthegovernmenthasleftafterpayingforitsspending.公共储蓄:政府在支付其支出后剩下的税收收入。Budgetsurplusisanexcessoftaxrevenueovergovernmentspending.预算盈余:税收收入大于政府支出的余额。Budgetdeficitisashortfalloftaxrevenuefromgovernmentspending预算赤字:政府支出引起的税收收入短缺。Marketforloanablefundsarethemarketinwhichthosewhowanttosavesupplyfundsthosewhowanttoborrowtoinvestdemandfunds.可贷资金市场:想储蓄的人借以提供资金、想借钱投资的人借以借贷资金的市场。Crowdingoutisadecreaseininvestmentthatresultsfromgovernmentborrowing.挤出:政府借款所引起的投资减少。第十九章THEBASICTOOLSOFFINANCE基本金融工具Finance:thefieldthatstudieshowpeoplemakedecisionsregardingtheallocationofresourcesovertimeandthehandlingofrisk.金融学:研究人们如何在某一时期内做出关于配置资源和应对风险的学科。Presentvalue:theamountofmoneytodaythatwouldbeneededtoproduce,usingprevailinginterestrates,agivenfutureamountofmoney.现值:用现行利率生产一定量未来货币所需要的现在货币量。Futurevalue:theamountofmoneyinthefuturethatanamountofmoneytodaywillyield,givenprevailinginterestrates.未来值:在现行利率既定时,现在的货币量将带来的未来货币量。Compounding:theaccumulationofasumofmoneyin,say,abankaccount,wheretheinterestearnedremainsintheaccounttoearnadditionalinterestinthefuture.复利:货币量的累积,比如说银行账户上货币量的累积,即赚得的利息仍留在账户上以赚取未来更多的利息。Riskaverse:exhibitingadislikeofuncertainty.风险厌恶:不喜欢不确定性。Diversification:thereductionofriskachievedbyreplacingasingleriskwithalargenumberofsmallerunrelate