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Module1EuropeGrammar1&2必修三Readthesentencesandanswerthequestions.aParisisvisitedbymorethaneightmilliontouristseveryyear.bTheSagradaFamiliarwasdesignedbyanarchitectcalledAntoioGaudi.cFlorence’smostbeautifulpaintingsandsculptureswereproducedbygreatartistssuchasLeonardodaVinci.dAthensisknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.eTheParthenonwasbuiltduringthisperiod.1.Whatdoesthewordbyinthefirstthreesentencestellyou?Ittellsuswhodidtheaction.2.Isthereanydifferenceinmeaningbetweenthesetwosentences?Parisisvisitedbymorethaneightmilliontouristseveryyear.MorethaneightmilliontouristsvisitPariseveryyear.Thefocusisdifferent.InthefirstsentencesitisPariswhichismoreimportant.Inthesecondsentencewearemoreinterestedinthetourists.3.Whyisthewordbynotinthesentencedande?Thewordbyisnotinsentenced,becauseweunderstandthatitmeans“isknownbyeveryone”,andtheinclusionoftheagentwouldbesuperfluous.Thewordbyisnotinsentenceebecausewearen’tinterestedinwhobuiltit(althoughitwouldbeperfectlyalrighttoadd“byIktinoandKallikrates”here).一、何时使用被动语态1.不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。Paperismadefromwood.Hewaswoundedinthefight.2.需要强调动作的承受者时。Booksandnewspapersinthereadingroommustn’tbetakenaway.Hewasawardedfirstprizeinthatcontest.被动语态3.为了使语气婉转，避免提及自己或对方而使用被动语态，或由于修饰的需要，使用被动语态，使句子得以更好的安排。Theconstructionofthenewlabmustbecompletedbytheendofnextmonth.Electricityisusedtorunmachines.形式时态助动词be的变化形式+实意动词的过去分词现在一般时态一般过去时态一般将来时态一般过去将来时态现在进行时态过去进行时态am(is,are)was(were)shall(will)bewould(should)beam(is,are)beingwas(were)being+done二、被动语态的构成现在完成时态过去完成时态将来完成时态过去将来完成时态has(have)beenhadbeenshall(will)havebeenshould(would)havebeen+done三、不同形式的被动语态1.含有直宾和间宾的主动结构,变为被动时可将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动一般是主语结构的间接宾语变为被动的主语。Heshowedmehispictures.Iwasshownhispicturesbyhim.Hispictureswereshowntomebyhim.Auntmademeanewdress.Iwasmadeanewdressbyaunt.Anewdresswasmadeformebyaunt.2.含有复合宾语的主动句，宾补不变。TheycallherXiaoLi.SheiscalledXiaoLi.make,let,have,hear,watch,see,feel,notice.H既动词后变做宾补的不定式一般不加to，变为被动，必须加to。MybrotheroftenmademedothisandthatwhenIwasyoung.IwasoftenmadetodothisandthatbymybrotherwhenIwasyoung.Iheardhermoveaboutinherroomupstairslastnight.Shewasheardtomoveaboutinherroomupstairslastnight.DidyouseeJacktakeawaythemagazine?WasJackseentotakeawaythemagazine?3.情态动词的被动语态。是由情态V+be+p.p.构成。Theycannotfindhim.Hecannotbefound.Youmustpaymeforthis.Imustbepaidforthis.4.短语V的被动语态一般来讲，只有及物V才有被动语态,因为只有vt才能有动作的承受者;但有许多由不及物动词+介词及其他词类构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语。因而可以有被动语态，但应注意短语V是一个不可分割的整体。变被动时，不可丢掉构成短语的prep或adv.这样的短语有：lookafter,listento,lookat,payattentionto,takecareof,lookforwardto,makeuseofTheyhadputoutthefirebeforethefire—brigadearrived.Thefirehadbeenputoutbeforethefire-brigadearrived.5.有些动词用主动形式表被动含义。Thegoodssellswell.Thedoorcan’topen.6.有些词如want,need,require和beworth后面v-ing形式为主动，意义为被动。Theroomneeds/wants/requirescleaning.Thebookisworthreading.7.主动语态中的宾语是从句，变成被动时使用形式替代词it.WeknowthatBritainisanislandcountry.It’sknownthatBritainisanislandcountry.8.宾语为反身代词，相互代词及虚词it时，不用被动语态,只用主动。Iwilldoitmyself.ThemanintroducedhimselfasMr.Wang.9.谓语动词是以下时，无被动。happen,belongto,suit,fit(适合),have,let,join,fall,last(延长),cost(花费)breakout(爆发)appear,burstout(迸发)，hold(容纳)，lack(缺乏)，agreewith(同意).10.据说类动词：say,consider,think,report,know,believe,suggest,understand,hope,etc.如：Itissaidthat…Thereissaidtobe…Sth./Sb.issaidto…11.主动形式表被动①感官动词：sound,taste,smell,fell,look,seem等主语是物时；②一些vi主动形式表被动含义open,close,shut,read,write,translate,wash,clean,lock,sell,wear,cut,cook,eat,weigh,drink,pay,draw,etc.③不定式toblame,tolet（出租）作表语时,主动形式表被动含义。Youaretoblame.Thehouseistolet.④表(sth)需要的need,want,require等后的动名词用主动形式表被动含义。Thehouseneeds/wants/requirerepairing⑤beworth后的动名词主动形式表被动含义。Thebookisworthreading.Makethesesentencespassive.1.AboutamilliontouristsvisitFlorenceeachyear.Florenceisvisitedbyaboutamilliontouristseachyear.2.TenmillionpeoplevisitedLondonlastyear.Londonwasvisitedbytenmillionpeoplelastyear.3.LeonardodaVincipaintedtheMonaLisa.TheMonaLisawaspaintedbyLeonardodaVinci.4.Picassodidn’tpainttheMonaLisa.TheMonaLisawasn’tpaintedbyPicasso.5.ThousandsofworkersbuiltthegreatWallofChina.ThegreatWallofChinawasbuiltbythousandsofworkers.Example:----TheSagradaFimiliawasdesignedbyanEnglisharchitect(Spanish)----No,itwasn’t.ItwasdesignedbyaSpanisharchitect.Correctthewrongstatements.1.TheLouvreArtGalleryislocatedinAthen.(Paris)No,itisn’t.It’slocatedinParis.2.Parisissituatedonthecoast.(RiverSeine)No,itisn’t.ItissituatedontheRiverSeine.3.Florenceisvisitedbyeightmilliontouristseveryyear.(onemillion)No,itisn’t.Itisvisitedbyonemilliontouristseveryyear.4.Barcelonaisknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.(Athens)No,itisn’t.Athensisknownasthebirthplaceofwesterncivilization.5.TheParthenonwasbuiltahundredyearsago.(2,400yearsago.)No,itisn’t.TheParthenonwasbuilt2,400yearsago.Readthesentencesandanswerthequestions.MyfamilylivesinCardiff.Oursoccerteamisfantastic.Thewholeclassishere.Whathavethewordsfamily,team,andclassgotincommon?(a)Theyareallsingularnouns.(b)Theyarefollowedbyasingularverb.(c)Theyrefertoonlyoneperson.(d)Theyrefertoanumberofpeople.主谓一致要点精讲“主谓一致”是指谓语动词与主语必须在人称、数上保持一致，即主语是复数，谓语也用复数形式，如are,were,have等，主语是单数，谓语要用单数形式，如：