学习UCP600

学习《UCP600》一。什么是《UCP》？《UCP》是“UniformCustomsandPracticeforDocumentaryCredits”的缩写。中文译作《跟单信用证统一惯例》，简称“统一惯例”。《UCP》是国际商会出版的一份关于跟单信用证业务的惯例条文，是指导、规范、制约跟单信用证业务的重要国际惯例。二。跟单信用证（DocumentaryLetterofCredit)1.跟单信用证简介国际结算方式汇款(Remittance)托收(Collection)信用证(LetterofCredit)迟期付款(DeferredPayment)寄售(Consignment)补偿贸易(CompensationTrade)易货(Barter)./.来料加工(ProcessingwithincomingMaterials)赊帐(OpenAccount)福费庭(Forfaiting)货帐保理(Factoring),等。经常使用的结算方式是：汇款、托收、信用证。最主要的、广泛使用的是“信用证结算方式”信用证结算方式CountryACountryBCompanyACompanyBBankABankB发货申请开证开证通知信用证交单付款议付寄单付款付款赎单交易合同信用证结算方式付款的依据是“单据”，故称为“跟单信用证”（DocumentaryLetterofCredit或DocumentaryCredit）简称“信用证”（Credit或L/C）UCP500第二条对信用证做了详细的定义.国际商会还曾提到了一个简单的定义：“LetterofCreditisaconditionalBankundertakingofpayment”信用证的定义“……they(documents)appear,ontheirface,tobeincompliancewiththetermsandconditionsoftheCredit”“DocumentswhichappearontheirfacetobeinconsistentwithoneanotherwillbeconsideredasnotappearingontheirfacetobeincompliancewiththetermsandconditionsoftheCredit”-UCP500Article13-一套单据代表着一批货物，掌握了单据就掌握了货物；转移了单据就转移了货物，而且使得货物转移合法化，这就是“货物单据化”（DocumentizationofGoods）。因为有了“货物单据化”，银行才可能介入国际贸易办理结算。2.信用证当事人（1）开证申请人（Applicant）-thepartythatappliesfortheopeningoftheCredit;./.“InstructionsfortheissuanceofaCredit,theCredititself,instructionsforanamendmentthereto,andtheamendmentitself,mustbecompleteandprecise”“AllinstructionsfortheissuanceofaCreditandtheCredititselfand,whereapplicable,allinstructionsforanamendmenttheretoandtheamendmentitself,muststatepreciselythedocumentsagainstwhichpayment,acceptanceornegotiationistobemade”-UCP500Article5-“TheApplicantbearstheriskofanyambiguityinitsinstructionstoissueoramendaCredit”-《ISBP》Paragraph2-（2）开证行（IssuingBank）-TheBankthatissuestheCredit;（3）通知行（AdvisingBank）-TheBankthatadvisestheCreditand/oramendmentattherequestoftheIssuingBank;“ACreditmaybeadvisedtoaBeneficiarythroughanotherbank(the“AdvisingBank”)withoutengagementonthepartoftheAdvisingBank,butthatbank,ifitelectstoadvisetheCredit,shalltakereasonablecaretochecktheapparentauthenticityoftheCredititadvises”-UCP500Article7-信用证通过第二通知行通知（SecondAdvisingBank）受益人开证申请人第二通知行通知行开证行申请开证开证经第二通知行通知通知“Byadvisingthecreditoramendment,thesecondadvisingbanksignifiesthatithascheckedtheapparentauthenticityoftheadviceithasreceivedandthattheadviceaccuratelyreflectthetermsandconditionsofthecreditoramendmentthathasbeenreceived”-UCP600Article9c-（4）受益人（Beneficiary）-Thepartyinwhosefavourthecreditisissued;（5）议付行(NegotiatingBank)–Thebankauthorizedtonegotiatedocumentsunderthecredit;“NegotiationmeansthegivingofvalueforDraft(s)and/ordocument(s)bythebankauthorizedtonegotiate.Mereexaminationofthedocumentswithoutgivingofvaluedoesnotconstitutenegotiation.-UCP500Article10b-（6）付款行(PayingBank)–Thebankonwhomthedraftistobedrawn;（7）承兑行(AcceptingBank)–Thebankthatacceptstheusancedraftandpayatmaturity;（8）保兑行(ConfirmingBank)–Thebankthataddsitsconfirmationtoacredit;“AconfirmationofanirrevocableCreditbyanotherbank(the“confirmingBank”)upontheauthorizationorrequestoftheIssuingBank,constitutesadefiniteundertakingoftheConfirmingBank,inadditiontothatoftheIssuingBank………..”-UCP500Article9b-（9）偿付行(ReimbursingBank)–Thebankauthorizedbytheissuingbanktohonourclaimsfromthenegotiatingbank.如果信用证规定向第三者索偿，则议付行就成了“索汇行”(ClaimingBank).偿付行多为开证行的帐户行。受益人开证申请人通知、议付、索汇行开证行偿付行申请开证授权偿付通知交单议付寄单借记开证行帐户偿付索汇付款“AnIssuingBankshallnotberelievedfromanyofitsobligationstoprovidereimbursementifandwhenreimbursementisnotreceivedbytheClaimingBankfromtheReimbursingBank”“TheIssuingBankshallberesponsibletotheClaimingBankforanylossofinterestifreimbursementisnotprovidedbytheReimbursingBankonfirstdemand…..”-UCP500Article19–关于第三者偿付，国际商会有专门规则《UniformRulesforBank-to-BankReimbursementsunderDocumentaryCredits》，国际商会编号第525号出版物。3。信用证的独立性“Credits,bytheirnature,areseparatetransactionsfromthesalesorothercontract(s)onwhichtheymaybebasedandbanksareinnowayconcernedwithorboundbysuchcontract(s),evenifanyreferencewhatsoevertosuchcontract(s)isincludedintheCredit”-UCP500Article3-“InCreditoperationsallpartiesconcerneddealwithdocumentsandnotwithgoods,servicesand/orotherperformancetowhichthedocumentsmayrelate”-UCP500Article4–“Thetermsofacreditareindependentoftheunderlyingtransactionevenifacreditexpresslyreferstothattransaction”-《ISBP》Paragraph1-对信用证的简单理解信用证是银行开立的付款保证文件，因而它属于“银行信用”；信用证独立于交易和合约之外；银行向受益人承诺付款；付款的依据是单据，单据表面必须符合信用证条款，单单之间必须一致；在信用证业务中，开证银行承担着第一性付款责任，单证相符银行必须付款，单证不符银行有权拒付。信用证能否保障买卖双方的利益？答复是“不能说有100%的保证”。因为存在着以下情况：对于卖方单证不符银行可以拒付；开证申请人或开证行挑剔单据、拒绝付款。拒付事例其一国外来证要求货物装船后，通知买方的“装船通知”中要注明：“NameofShippingCompany’sagentatdestination”./.受益人装船后发传真，文为：“………………………..ShippingCompany’sagentatdestination:RoyalBuilding38Broadway12thFloor,Room1204xxxcityxxxCountryTel:xxxxxxxxFax:xxxxxxxxContactperson:Mr.Brown”其二“BillofLadingdate”和“onboardnotation”日期图章颜色不一样，因而拒付；其三开证行以未提交产地证拒付，但实际已提交；信用证地址中的“No.”单据中作成了“No”而拒付。议付行争辩时，开证行的答复是“No.andNoaredifferentinmeaning”。对于买方有单证诈骗风险。因为信用证的特征（1）信用证业务中有关方面处理的是单据；（2）凭表面符合信用证条款的单据必须付款；（3）银行对于单据的格式、真伪、法律效力等都不负责任.这就使得诈骗分子有可乘之机，伪造单据，骗取货款。为了保障自身的利益，（一）卖方制做单据要符合信用证条款，以保证凭信用证安全收汇；买方要根据信用证条款严格审好单据，防止诈骗。（二）只与信用可靠的客户进行贸易。惠布尔先生曾说过：“LetterofCreditcannot