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UsingLanguageUsingLanguage-•Reading&WritingAboutCopernicus•Doyouknowwhatisthecenterofthesolarsystem?•Canyounamethenineplanetsinthesolarsystem?MercuryMarsVenusEarthJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePlutoMnemonics(记忆术)MercuryVenusEarthMarsJupiterSaturnUranusNeptunePlutoMyVeryEasyMethod:JustSetUpNinePlanets.Canyouuseagoodmethodtomemorizethem?NicolausCopernicusborn:inPolandin1473died:May24,1543Hewasoneofthefirstscientiststousemathematicalobservationstocollectinformation.Hebelievedthesunisthecenteroftheuniverseandtheearthandotherplanetswentaroundit.Skimthetextanddrawthetwotheoriesoftheuniversewiththefollowingpictures.SunearthBeforeCopernicus’theoryShowingCopernicus’theoryReadinganddrawingSunearthBeforeCopernicus’theoryShowingCopernicus’theorySunearthearthSunShowingCopernicus’theoryAdiagramshowingthesolarsystemwiththeearthatitscentreAdiagramshowingthesolarsystemwiththesunatitscentreBeforeCopernicus’theoryReadthetextcarefully,thenanswerthesequestionsBecausethepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea(2)Whatwashistheoryabout?(Para1)Allhismathematicalcalculationsledtothesameconclusion:thattheearthwasnotthecentreofthesolarsystem.Onlyifyouputthesuntheredidthemovementsoftheotherplanetsintheskymakesense.Whycouldhenottellabouthistheory?(Para1)(3)Whathadtheastronomersnoticedinthesky?(Para2)Theyhadnoticedthatsomeplanetsintheskyseemedtostop,movebackwardandthengoforwardinaloop.Othersappearedbrighterattimesandlessbrightatothers.(4)WhendidCopernicuscompletehistheory?(Para3)Between1510and1514heworkedonit,graduallyimprovinghistheoryuntilhefeltitwascomplete.(5)Howdidheexplainchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars?Whendidhepublishhisidea?(Para4)Heplacedafixedsunatthecentreofthesolarsystemwiththeplanetsgoingrounditandonlythemoonstillgoingroundtheearth.Healsosuggestedthattheearthwasspinningasitwentrounditandthisexplainchangesinthemovementoftheplanetsandinthebrightnessofthestars..Hepublisheditashelaydyingin1543(6)WhydopeoplethinkthatthereisadirectlinkbetweenhisideasandtheworkofIsaacNewton,AlbertEinsteinandStephenHawking?Becausehistheoryisnowthebaseonwhichallourideasoftheuniversearebuilt.HistheoryreplacedtheChristianideaofgravitywhichsaidthingsfelltoearthbecauseGodcreatedtheearthasthecentreoftheuniverse,Heshowedthiswasobviouslywrong.1)表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测,或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成,通常用来说明某一情况，但不象should或oughtto那样含有责备之意。如：◆YethecouldnottellanyoneabouthistheoryasthepowerfulChristianChurchwouldhavepunishedhimforevensuggestingsuchanidea.Iguessthepoetwouldhavebeenabout20whenshewroteherfirstpoem.Anotherworkerwouldn’thaveactedlikethat.needn’thave+过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于，译为“其实没必要……”shouldhave+过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该……”shouldnothave+过去分词，表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”2)相关知识总结：◆Asascientist,oneshouldbebrave.ButCopernicuswasafraidofbeingattackedbytheChristianChurch.Sohehadhiddenhistheoryforsomanyyears.Whatdoyouthinkofthis?Agree:1.Hewascautious.ifhehadpublishedhisideas,hewouldhavebeenkilledjustasBrunowhowasburnedtodeathbecausehistheorywasagainsttheChristianChurch.2.Everytimewhenanewideaappears,therearealwaysrejections.It’snormal.Scientistsshouldhavepatiencetospreadtheirtruth.3.Itmadenosenseforhimtopublishhistheoryinahurry.Hewasjustcautiousnotcoward.Heshouldprotecthimselffirst.Disagree:1.Copernicuswasverycoward.Heshouldspeakouthisdiscoveryandlettheworldknowthetruthearlier.2.Sciencecanneveradvanceunlesspeoplehavethecourageoftheirbeliefs.3.Asascientist,youmusthavethecouragetopublishyourfindings.Nomatterhowpeopleopposethem,timewillshowifyourideasarerightorwrong.WriteashortletteraskingCopernicus(not)topublishhisideassoeveryonecanreadthemPersuasivewriting(PleaserefertoP8LearningTip)NowwritingashortletteraskingCopernicustopublishhisideassoeveryonecanreadthem.Firstyouneedtocollectyourideas.Forexample:•Hebelieveshisnewtheoryistrue.•Thereareproblemswiththepresenttheory.•Hehasdonemanyyearsofobservationstoprovehisnewtheoryistrue.•Sciencecan’tdevelopunlesspeoplepublishtheirideas.•Timewillshowifhistheoryistrueornot.Hereisaplan:Beginning:TellCopernicuswhoyouareandwhyyouwanthimtopublishhisideas.Paragraph1:Reason1andevidence.Paragraph2:Reason2andevidence.Summingup:Askhimtothinkagainaboutpublishinghisideas.Onepossibleversion:DearNicolausCopernicus,IamastudentstudyingastronomyandIwouldverymuchliketoreadyournewtheoryaboutthesolarsystem.Ihopeyouwillpublishitforseveralreasons.Iunderstandtheproblemswiththepresenttheory.Thewaytheplanetsmoveisnotwhatyouwouldexpectiftheearthwasthecentreoftheuniverse.Itisalsooddthatthebrightnessofsomestarsseemstochange.SoIagreewithyouthatweneedanewtheory.Iknowyourobservationshavebeenverycarefullycarriedoutovermanyyears.Nowyoumusthavethecouragetopublishthem.Sciencecanneveradvanceunlesspeoplehavethecourageoftheirbeliefs.Iknowyouworryaboutwhatwillhappenifyoupublishyournewtheory.Nomatterhowpeopleopposeit,timewillshowifyourideasarerightorwrong.SoIhopeyouwillfeelyoucanpublishyournewtheory.Yourssincerely,ZhangHua